# Alan Turing Up: [[Thomas Sowell]] · [[Post Analysis - brivael on Why Musk Is Under Attack (2026-10-24)|post analysis]] (rows 4, 9) - British mathematician (1912–1954) ◻. "On Computable Numbers" (1936) defined the Turing machine. Alonzo Church reached an equivalent result the same year with the lambda calculus, which is a multiple discovery ◻. - At Bletchley Park he led the design of the Bombe against Enigma ◻. - In 1952 he was convicted of "gross indecency" and accepted stilboestrol hormone treatment as a condition of probation. He died in 1954 (the inquest ruled suicide) ◻. He received a royal pardon in 2013 ◻.