# Social Gender Roles: Sources Back to [[Topics/Social Gender Roles/Social Gender Roles|Social Gender Roles]] · [[X Research]] How each source was used: **read** means the page was opened this session; **snippet** means only a search or publisher summary was read. ## The claim and its source | Source | Use | Read | |---|---|---| | [@calotonterias post](https://x.com/calotonterias/status/2116589631823090013) | the claim | read, with both images | | [Defant, "The Biological Basis of Gender Roles", Aporia, Sep 5, 2025](https://www.aporiamagazine.com/p/the-biological-basis-of-gender-roles) | origin of the paragraph; cites nothing for it | read in full | | [Aporia, About](https://www.aporiamagazine.com/about) | outlet's self-description ("broadly conservative", editors Winegard and Carl) | read | | [HOPE not hate on Matthew Frost](https://hopenothate.org.uk/case-files-matthew-frost/), [The Guardian, Jan 31, 2024](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/31/rightwing-activist-christopher-rufo-ties-scientific-racism-journal) | critics' description of Aporia as race science | snippet | | [Defant and Drummond, *Nature* 347, 1990](https://www.nature.com/articles/347662a0) | Defant's field is geochemistry (adakites) | snippet | ## Kibbutz scholarship | Source | Use | Read | |---|---|---| | [JWA, "Kibbutz", Sylvie Fogiel-Bijaoui, 2021](https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/kibbutz) | 1926 Tel-Yosef split, 1948 Ihud figures (78.3% / 16.7%, 15.2% / 58.2%), 1943–44 committee data, children's houses, 1967 decision, "innate mothers", women's frustration | read (via curl) | | Tiger and Shepher, *Women in the Kibbutz* (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975); [quoted passage](https://literal.club/book/lionel-tiger-joseph-shepher-women-in-the-kibbutz-uyrn8); [Science review](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.192.4240.662) | the "women sought these roles" thesis | snippet | | Spiro, *Gender and Culture: Kibbutz Women Revisited* (Duke, 1979); [Routledge edition](https://www.routledge.com/Gender-and-Culture-Kibbutz-Women-Revisited/Scott/p/book/9781560007715) | the "counterrevolution" led by young women | snippet | | [Spiro obituary, UCSD](https://today.ucsd.edu/story/melford_e._spiro_department_of_anthropology_founder_dies) | Spiro's career (1920–2014) | snippet | | [Schlesinger, "Sex Roles and Social Change in the Kibbutz", J. Marriage and Family, 1977](https://doi.org/10.2307/350481) | division of labor as the driver | snippet | | [Agassi, "Theories of Gender Equality: Lessons from the Israeli Kibbutz", Gender & Society 3(2), 1989](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/089124389003002002) | kibbutz as a poor test case | snippet | | [JTA, "Last kibbutz children's house closes", Jun 16, 1997](https://www.jta.org/1997/06/16/default/last-kibbutz-childrens-house-closes) | the end of communal sleeping at Baram | snippet | | [The Independent, "End of the kibbutz dream"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/end-of-the-kibbutz-dream-1252506.html) | Baram's manager citing "pressure from the mothers" | snippet | | [Shaham, "The Hidden Pains of Motherhood", De Gruyter, 2017](https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110466218-002) | first-generation mothers' diaries | snippet | ## Open leads - Attachment research on children's-house sleeping arrangements: not yet checked. - Cross-cultural evidence beyond the kibbutz.