# Research and Evidence Up: [[Fascism, Nazism and the Left-Right Spectrum]] · Post: [[Post Analysis - brivael on the Far Right Label (2026-10-24)]] This note is organized by question. Quotes come from pages opened on Oct 24, 2026 unless marked ◻. ## Mussolini - **"Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato"**: speech at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, Oct 28, 1925 (polyarchy.org; ANPI). *English translation:* "Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State." - ***La dottrina del fascismo*** (1932, with Giovanni Gentile ◻), it.wikisource: « Si può pensare che questo sia il secolo dell'autorità, un secolo di "destra", un secolo fascista; se il XIX fu il secolo dell'individuo… questo è il secolo "collettivo" e quindi il secolo dello Stato. » *English translation:* "One may think this is the century of authority, a century of the 'right', a fascist century; if the 19th was the century of the individual… this is the 'collective' century, and therefore the century of the State." - The 1933 English translation (Jane Soames) rendered *destra* as "Left". The Stack Exchange thread and the SJSU PDF document the mistranslation. - The same text pairs "collective" with "right". For Mussolini, collectivism and the right weren't opposites. - Mussolini was a leading Socialist (editor of *Avanti!*) until he was expelled in 1914 over his support for intervention in the war ◻. Zemmour's "born on the left" refers to this biography. ## The NSDAP program (Feb 24, 1920) - documentarchiv.de and verfassungen.de. Point 24: freedom of religion "soweit sie nicht den Bestand des Staates gefährden oder gegen das Sittlichkeits- und Moralgefühl der germanischen Rasse verstoßen. Die Partei als solche vertritt den Standpunkt eines positiven Christentums… Sie bekämpft den jüdisch-materialistischen Geist in und außer uns… Gemeinnutz vor Eigennutz." *English translation:* "…insofar as they do not endanger the existence of the State or offend the moral sense of the Germanic race. The Party as such stands for a positive Christianity… It fights the Jewish-materialist spirit within and around us… The common good before self-interest." - Points 4–8 restrict citizenship to "Volksgenossen" of German blood and exclude Jews ◻. Points 11–17 carry the anti-capitalist demands. ## The Nazi economy | Measure | Date | Source | |---|---|---| | Unions seized; DAF created | May 2, 1933 | USHMM | | Forced-cartel law | Jul 15, 1933 | ◻ | | Trustees of Labour set wages | May 1933 | ◻ | | Four-Year Plan (Göring), autarky and rearmament | Oct 1936 | ◻ | | Preisstopverordnung (Wagner) | Nov 26, 1936, retroactive to Oct 18 | Reich law text, secondary summaries | | Reprivatization (Vereinigte Stahlwerke, big banks, shipping, railways) | 1934–37 | Bel 2010, *Economic History Review* 63(1):34–55 | - **Bel (2010)**, "Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany": the reprivatization was driven by rearmament finance and the need to win political support from industrialists. - **Buchheim and Scherner (2006)**, *Journal of Economic History* 66(2):390–416, "The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry": private property was not merely nominal; firms kept substantial freedom over production and investment, and freedom of contract was largely respected. The regime used incentives more than orders. - Adam Tooze, *The Wages of Destruction* (2006) ◻: rearmament priorities increasingly shaped allocation. - **Mises**, *Planned Chaos* (1947), ch. 2: "Then socialism of the German pattern, the Zwangswirtschaft of the Nazis, emerges… not the socialism of immediate state management… as in Russia, but the socialism of the German or Nazi pattern." Also: "There is no third solution." ## Mises on fascism (1927) *Liberalism*, ch. 10 (mises.org): > It cannot be denied that Fascism and similar movements aiming at the establishment of dictatorships are full of the best intentions and that their intervention has, for the moment, saved European civilization. The merit that Fascism has thereby won for itself will live on eternally in history… Fascism was an emergency makeshift. To view it as something more would be a fatal error. In the same chapter, fascism's "economic program is altogether antiliberal and its policy completely interventionist", and he writes of "the conversion of the Rightist parties to the tactics of Fascism". See [[People/Ludwig von Mises (on fascism)]]. ## Hayek - *The Road to Serfdom* (1944): dedicated "To the Socialists of All Parties"; ch. 10 "Why the Worst Get on Top"; ch. 12 "The Socialist Roots of Naziism" (LoC table of contents). - 1976 preface (fabiusmaximus.com; Acton): "It has frequently been alleged that I have contended that any movement in the direction of socialism is bound to lead to totalitarianism. Even though this danger exists, this is not what the book says." Socialism then "meant unambiguously the nationalization of the means of production". ## The historians - **Full Fact** (Sep 25, 2019, reviewed by Dr David Motadel): - Richard Evans: "it would be wrong to see Nazism as a form of, or an outgrowth from, socialism… Nazism was in some ways an extreme counter-ideology to socialism". - Ian Kershaw: "Hitler was never a socialist." - Karl Dietrich Bracher called the program propaganda. - Also covers industrialist funding (the Feb 20, 1933 meeting), Krupp, the Strassers and the Night of the Long Knives. - **USHMM**: Dachau's first prisoners (Mar 22, 1933) were "mainly Communists, Social Democrats, and trade unionists". - **Paxton**, *The Anatomy of Fascism* (2004): a mass nationalist party "working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites" that "abandons democratic liberties" and pursues "internal cleansing and external expansion" ◻ (wording from memory; a summary of the definition was confirmed in search). - **Sternhell**, *Ni droite ni gauche* (1983): fascism as a synthesis of organic nationalism and an anti-materialist revision of Marxism, incubated in France (Barrès, Sorel). Sources: EHNE, INA, L'Histoire. This is the strongest scholarly version of a "not simply right" reading, and it still isn't "far left". - **Bobbio**, *Destra e sinistra* (1994): the left-right distinction turns on attitudes to equality ◻ (summary confirmed in search). ## The calculation debate - Mises (1920), "Die Wirtschaftsrechnung im sozialistischen Gemeinwesen", *Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik* 47:86–121 (mises.de PDF). - Lange (1936–37) answered with "market socialism": trial-and-error shadow prices. Hayek (1945) replied with the knowledge problem ◻. ## France: is "extrême droite" defined? - **Conseil d'État**, n° 488378, Mar 11, 2024: rejected the RN's challenge to the Interior Ministry's color-coded classification grid (*nuancier*) from the Aug 16, 2023 circular for the senatorial elections. Placing the RN in the "extrême droite" bloc was not a manifest error. - **Jospin**, *Répliques*, France Culture, Sept 29, 2007: « …tout antifascisme n'était que du théâtre. Nous avons été face à un parti, le Front National, qui était un parti d'extrême droite, un parti populiste aussi à sa façon, mais nous n'avons jamais été dans une situation de menace fasciste… » *English translation:* "…all antifascism was only theater. We were facing a party, the National Front, which was a far-right party, a populist party too in its way, but we were never in a situation of fascist threat…" ## Death tolls - Great Leap famine 1959–61: 15–32.5M (demographic estimates), 36M (Yang Jisheng), ≥45M (Dikötter). - Khmer Rouge 1975–79: about 1.7M, 21% of the population; range 1.671–1.871M, 21–24% (Yale CGP). - Soviet famine 1930–33: about 5.5–8.7M ◻. ## Academic composition - Langbert, Quain and Klein, *Econ Journal Watch* 13(3), Sept 2016: history departments 33.5:1 Democrats to Republicans (1,037 vs 31), corrected to 35.1:1 in 2017. - François and Magni-Berton, "Que pensent les penseurs?" (survey Feb–Jul 2011, about 2,000 researchers in France): 73% identify as left, versus 36% of the public (The Conversation; *French Politics* 2016). ## Not verified ⚠️ - Le Monde, Oct 23, 2026, « Comment le 17 octobre est instrumentalisé par des influenceurs pour attirer l'attention de l'extrême droite à l'étranger, de Musk à Bukele »: paywalled, and a client challenge blocked the fetch. Its content here comes from verif.news story 13806 and his screenshot. - brivael's "40K followers in two weeks" and "X pays me". - De Gaulle "handed education and culture to the communists".