# Nicolas Gruber Back to [[Topics/Climate Change Science and Policy Debate/Climate Change Science and Policy Debate|Climate Change Science and Policy Debate]] · [[Topics/Climate Change Science and Policy Debate/Research and Evidence|Research and Evidence]] **Role:** Ocean biogeochemist, ETH Zürich. - Lead author of **Gruber et al. 2019**, "The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO₂ from 1994 to 2007", *Science* 363:1193 ([doi](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153)): the ocean took up 34 ± 4 PgC of anthropogenic carbon over 1994–2007, about 31% of emissions, measured from ship-based ocean surveys. - Direct evidence that the ocean is a net **sink**, against Cohler's claim that the rise "carries the signature of ocean outgassing". See the [[Users/@cohler/Post Analyses/Post Analysis - cohler on the Keeling Intercept and Fossil CO2 (2026-10-24)|Cohler seed analysis]], claim 4.