https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M
Bird-like wings evolved in stages across many non-avian dinosaurs, with feathers, quill knobs, specialized muscles, and shoulder joints all appearing long before true birds and then being repurposed for powered flight.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
## Video outline
- **Intro & Archaeopteryx as a classic transitional fossil**
- Explains the dinosaur–bird transition and why powered flight requires extensive anatomical change.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Introduces _Archaeopteryx_ as one of the earliest known birds (Jurassic, ~150 million years ago) and an early-recognized transitional fossil, noted by Darwin as a bird with reptilian traits.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Feathers and early wings in non‑avian dinosaurs**
- Discusses how feathers or feather‑like structures were widespread among many dinosaurs, often not closely related, and initially unrelated to flight.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Notes that many non‑flying dinosaurs had wings or wing‑like forelimbs with pennaceous (modern-style) feathers, indicating that feathered forelimbs long predated flight.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Quill knobs and bone‑anchored feathers**
- Describes how in modern birds the main flight feathers penetrate the skin and attach directly to wing bones via ligaments and “quill knobs,” allowing them to bear the bird’s weight in flight.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Shows that quill knobs are also present in _Velociraptor_ and many other dromaeosaurid “raptors,” as well as more distantly related dinosaurs, implying large, bone-anchored feathers evolved long before birds flew.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Ornithomimus and widespread quill knobs**
- Points out that the most distantly related dinosaur known with quill knobs is _Ornithomimus_, an ornithomimid “ostrich‑mimic” theropod, which as an adult bore long forearm feathers.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Argues that if quill knobs in birds and these dinosaurs share a common origin, they must have evolved many millions of years before avian flight.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **The propatagium: a unique bird wing muscle and membrane**
- Explains the propatagium, a soft-tissue muscle-and-skin structure from shoulder to wrist that stiffens the wing’s leading edge and guides the flapping stroke, crucial for lift in modern birds.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Notes that flightless birds have a reduced propatagium and some (ostriches, emus) have lost its function, underlining its importance for powered flight.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Propatagium in non‑avian dinosaurs (Microraptor, Caudipteryx / oviraptorids)**
- Describes fossil evidence of a propatagium in non‑avian dinosaurs, including exceptionally preserved _Microraptor_ specimens where part of this structure survives.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Presents _Caudipteryx_ (rendered as “Cordipterix/Cordiptics” in the transcript), an oviraptorosaur, with preserved soft tissue suggesting it also had a propatagium, indicating this structure evolved in flightless dinosaurs.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Inferring soft tissue from joint angles**
- Mentions a study that examined arm joint angles in well-known dinosaur skeletons to infer whether a propatagium was present.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Concludes that all oviraptorids and flightless dromaeosaurids like _Velociraptor_ likely had a propatagium, suggesting birds, dromaeosaurids, and oviraptorids inherited it from a common ancestor.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Intermediate forelimbs: claws, flexibility, and wing folding**
- Emphasizes that these non‑avian dinosaurs still had claws and relatively flexible arms, using their forelimbs for grasping while also having wing-like structures.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Notes that dromaeosaurids and oviraptorids had flexible wrists capable of folding the forearm back toward the body in a bird-like but less extreme way.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Exaptation: wings before flight and their early functions**
- Argues that many key features of bird wings (propatagium, pennaceous feathers) evolved long before powered flight, as modifications of pre‑existing structures (i.e., exaptation).[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Proposes early functions for feathered forelimbs:
- Adult _Ornithomimus_ had forearm feathers absent in juveniles, suggesting roles in adult display or brooding rather than juvenile insulation.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Pigment patterns in preserved feathers indicate colorful, patterned plumage likely used in visual display.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Brooding posture fossils, including an oviraptor preserved over eggs with embryos, show these feathers were used to cover and incubate clutches.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Predatory use: stabilizing while subduing prey**
- Suggests that dromaeosaurids may have used flapping forelimbs to stabilize while pinning prey with enlarged foot claws, analogous to modern birds of prey.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Cites the example of the Galápagos hawk pinning large marine iguanas and flapping to maintain balance, drawing a behavioral parallel to dromaeosaurids.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Hypotheses for the origin of powered flight**
- Outlines three main models:
- Arboreal model: ancestors lived in trees, evolving gliding and then powered flight to move efficiently between branches.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Cursorial (ground-up) model: ground-dwelling ancestors evolved brief flapping runs (like chickens) to catch insects or escape predators.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Wing-assisted incline running (WAIR): small birds use wings to run up steep surfaces, potentially a route from running to flight.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Notes that reality may involve a mix of these mechanisms and that the early avialan group (the “ALA” in transcript) show complex mosaics of primitive and advanced traits.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Detailed look at Archaeopteryx**
- Places _Archaeopteryx_ in Jurassic Europe, then a tropical island chain with conditions ideal for preserving complete, feathered fossils.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Describes its traits: asymmetrical wing feathers for lift, relatively long humerus, and elongated tertial feathers compensating for limb proportions, indicating active if limited flight (better than a chicken, comparable to a pheasant).[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Sternum evolution and early flight skeletons**
- Compares dinosaur sterna (cartilaginous) with modern birds’ large, keeled bony sternum for powerful flight muscles.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Notes that _Microraptor_ had a bony but flat sternum more developed than in _Archaeopteryx_, likely a convergent adaptation; highlights _Xihelornis_ (Xi Helornis) as the earliest avialan with a bony sternum ancestral to the modern keel and as a more capable flyer than _Archaeopteryx_ despite retaining a longer, more dinosaur-like tail.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Shoulder joint evolution and “opposite birds” (Enantiornithes)**
- Explains that non‑avian dinosaurs had a rigid scapula–coracoid with a downward-facing arm joint, while birds have a more flexible, ball‑and‑socket-like joint allowing the wing to rise above the back for a full flapping stroke.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Introduces Enantiornithes (“opposite birds”), a diverse Cretaceous bird group with teeth and wing claws but advanced flight ability, whose shoulder joint is reversed in convex/concave orientation compared with modern birds.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Triosseal canal and advanced bird flight**
- Describes a fossil bird (_Archaeorhynchus_ / “archiorinkus” in transcript) showing the earliest known triosseal canal, a loop formed by three bones guiding a tendon that powers the upstroke using chest muscles.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Notes this arrangement lets both upstroke and downstroke be powered by chest muscles and that _Archaeorhynchus_ also had fused hand bones but retained wing claws, which were among the last dinosaurian traits to be lost.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Modern Hoatzin as a living echo**
- Mentions the Hoatzin, a modern bird whose chicks possess wing claws used to climb before they can fly, losing them as they mature.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Blurring the line between birds and dinosaurs**
- Concludes that with so many transitional fossils, the definition of “bird” is blurred, but the evolutionary sequence shows that the bird wing predates true birds themselves.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
## Dinosaur (and near-bird) taxa mentioned
Below is a list of taxa explicitly referenced in the transcript, with additional discovery information.
## Archaeopteryx
- Mention in video
- Earliest known bird or very bird‑like dinosaur, from the Late Jurassic (~150 million years ago).[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Known from well-preserved, feathered skeletons from an island-rich tropical Europe; capable of short-burst powered flight, somewhat better than a chicken but not beyond modern short-distance fliers.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Discovery details
- First evidence was a single feather found in Solnhofen limestone near Solnhofen, Bavaria, around 1860; described by German naturalist Hermann von Meyer in 1861.earthmagazine+2
- The first skeletal specimen (“London specimen”) was discovered in the 1860s in the same Solnhofen deposits and later purchased by the British Museum; von Meyer formally named _Archaeopteryx lithographica_ in 1861.historyofgeology.fieldofscience+1
## Microraptor
- Mention in video
- Described as the smallest dromaeosaurid (“raptor”), extremely well represented by dozens of specimens, with exceptional preservation of feathers and wing impressions.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Shown to have a propatagium preserved in at least one specimen, probably capable of gliding and perhaps limited powered flight, though its flight ability is considered convergent with birds.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Had a bony but flat sternum more developed than that of _Archaeopteryx_, interpreted as convergent evolution toward stronger flight musculature.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Discovery details
- Fossils come from the Jiufotang Formation (Aptian, ~125–120 Ma) in Liaoning Province, northeastern China.[wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptor)
- A four-winged species (_Microraptor gui_) with modern-style feathers on both forelimbs and hind limbs was found in Liaoning around 2000 and described by paleontologist Xu Xing in 2003.facebook+1
## Ornithomimus
- Mention in video
- Referred to as a relatively distant dinosaur relative of birds that nevertheless has quill knobs on its forearms, indicating long feathers attached to bone in adults but not juveniles.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Suggests adult-specific functions such as display or brooding for these forearm feathers.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Discovery details
- _Ornithomimus_ is a Late Cretaceous ornithomimid from western North America (Campanian–Maastrichtian).[wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimus)
- The first remains (partial fore- and hind limb) were found by George Lyman Cannon in the Denver Formation near Denver, Colorado, on June 30, 1889.ebsco+2
- Othniel Charles Marsh named the type species _Ornithomimus velox_ in 1890.dinopit+1
## Velociraptor
- Mention in video
- Cited as a dromaeosaurid (“raptor”) with quill knobs on the forearm, indicating large pennaceous feathers anchored to the bones, ancestral to those of birds.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Included among flightless dromaeosaurids inferred to have had a propatagium based on limb joint angles.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Suggested to have used large foot claws to pin prey, flapping feathered forelimbs for balance like modern raptorial birds.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Discovery details
- _Velociraptor_ was first discovered in 1923 during American Museum of Natural History expeditions to the Gobi Desert, Mongolia, and described by Henry Fairfield Osborn the same year. (general dinosaur context; specific Velociraptor expedition info summarized in standard references)[wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur)
## Caudipteryx (rendered “Cordipterix / Cordiptics” in transcript)
- Mention in video
- Identified as an oviraptorosaur (“overapter”) more distantly related to birds and dromaeosaurids, with preserved soft tissues suggesting the presence of a propatagium.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Emphasized as definitely flightless, showing that the propatagium originated in ground-dwelling dinosaurs.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Discovery details
- _Caudipteryx_ fossils were discovered in the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China, in the mid‑1990s and described in 1998; they provided early evidence of feathered, non-flying theropods, though those specific details are not in the video transcript. (context)[wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur)
## Xihelornis (Xi Helornis)
- Mention in video
- Presented as the earliest avialan known to have a bony sternum likely ancestral to the modern keeled sternum of birds.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Described as having more robust, flight-related bones and likely being a stronger flyer more closely related to modern birds than _Archaeopteryx_, but with a longer, more dinosaur-like tail.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Discovery details
- Xihelornis is an Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird from China, named in the 21st century; the transcript highlights its sternum but does not provide discovery metadata.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
## Enantiornithes (“opposite birds” / anantorniths, anantornis in transcript)
- Mention in video
- Described as the most common birds during much of the Cretaceous, predating the dominance of modern bird lineages.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Characterized by primitive traits such as teeth and small wing claws but advanced flight abilities comparable to many modern birds.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Their shoulder joint is “opposite” to that of modern birds: scapula convex and coracoid concave, yet functionally achieving a similar degree of flexibility.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Discovery details
- Enantiornithes are known from numerous sites worldwide (especially China and Spain) and were first recognized as a distinct group in the 1980s; the video focuses on their morphology rather than specific discovery events.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
## Archaeorhynchus (archiorinkus in transcript)
- Mention in video
- Named as the earliest known bird showing a triosseal canal, a bony loop guiding the tendon powering the wing upstroke, so both up- and downstroke are driven by chest muscles.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Noted to have fused hand bones like modern birds but still to retain wing claws, implying gradual loss of dinosaur-like manual features.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Discovery details
- _Archaeorhynchus_ is an Early Cretaceous ornithuromorph bird from Liaoning, China, described in the early 2000s; discovery details are not given in the transcript.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
## Other dinosaur/avian groups mentioned
- **Dromaeosaurids (“droiosaurids / stroiosaurids” in transcript)**
- Close non‑avian relatives of birds, including _Velociraptor_ and _Microraptor_, with quill knobs, feathered forelimbs, propatagium, flexible wrists, and large foot claws used for predation and possible stabilizing flaps.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Oviraptorids (“overapterids / overapter” in transcript)**
- Feathered, often toothless theropods; fossils show brooding postures over nests and evidence for propatagia, with some specimens preserved atop eggs with embryos still inside.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Tyrannosaurids and therizinosaurs (“tyrannosaurs or theinosaurs” in transcript)**
- Cited as successful Cretaceous theropods within a broader group of “birdlike” theropods (the “silurosaurians”) that diversified about 130 Ma.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
## Comparisons between dinosaurs, birds, and other species
## Functional and anatomical comparisons
|Aspect|Non‑avian dinosaurs (as described)|Birds (modern and early)|Other species mentioned|
|---|---|---|---|
|Feathers|Many species with filamentous or pennaceous feathers, often not used for flight.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|Pennaceous feathers central to lift and maneuvering; flight feathers anchored to bone via quill knobs.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|Flying squirrels used as an analogy for arboreal gliding.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|
|Quill knobs|Present in _Velociraptor_, other dromaeosaurids, and _Ornithomimus_, indicating strong bone-anchored feathers predating flight.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|Present on many modern bird wing bones, anchoring primary flight feathers to support body weight in flight.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|None directly, but quill knobs framed as a specifically dinosaur–bird feature.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|
|Propatagium|Inferred or preserved in _Microraptor_, oviraptorids (e.g., _Caudipteryx_), and likely other theropods, even when flightless.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|Unique soft-tissue structure in birds; essential for efficient, guided flapping and lift; reduced or nonfunctional in some flightless birds (ostriches, emus).[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|No non-bird modern analogue mentioned; emphasized as an evolutionary novelty shared with some dinosaurs.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|
|Sternum|Many theropods with cartilage sternum; _Microraptor_ shows a flat bony sternum (convergent with birds).[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|Large bony sternum with keel in modern birds; early avialans like Xihelornis show ancestral bony sternum but not fully modern keel.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|Humans referenced only in the context of using shoulder muscles for arm elevation instead of a triosseal canal system.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|
|Shoulder joint|Rigid scapula–coracoid with downward-facing arm joint, limiting overhead wing elevation.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|Ball‑and‑socket‑like arrangement allowing wings to elevate over the back for a full, powerful flapping stroke; developed independently in Enantiornithes and modern birds with reversed bone convexity.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)|None specifically, but the change is framed as key to avian-style flapping.|
## Behavioral and ecological comparisons
- **Predation and stabilizing flaps**
- Dromaeosaurids (e.g., _Velociraptor_) may have used enlarged foot claws to pin prey, flapping feathered forelimbs to maintain balance, compared to modern eagles and hawks that pin large prey (e.g., Galápagos hawks subduing marine iguanas) while flapping to stay stable.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Brooding and parental care**
- Oviraptorid dinosaurs preserved in brooding posture over eggs, similar to modern birds sitting on nests; one fossil shows the adult over eggs with embryos still preserved, confirming brooding behavior.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Flight origins vs. modern behaviors**
- Arboreal/gliding dinosaurs are compared conceptually to flying squirrels using extended skin surfaces to increase jump distance, though bird wings rely on feathers rather than membranes.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Ground-up flight and wing-assisted incline running in early birds are compared to modern fowl that flap to run up steep surfaces despite being poor flyers.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- **Retention and loss of claws**
- Non‑avian dinosaurs retained functional clawed hands and wing claws while evolving wing-like structures, indicating intermediate forms.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
- Modern Hoatzin chicks still possess wing claws used for climbing, losing them as adults, echoing the dinosaur-to-bird transition where claws were among the last forelimb features to disappear.[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
These points together show that **bird** wings emerged through gradual modification of dinosaur forelimbs, with feathers, propatagia, quill knobs, and joint changes spreading across many dinosaur lineages before being integrated into the fully flight-adapted avian wing.[wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur)[youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
1. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0qe1Ew_0M)
2. [https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/benchmarks-september-30-1861-archaeopteryx-discovered-and-described/](https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/benchmarks-september-30-1861-archaeopteryx-discovered-and-described/)
3. [http://historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com/2011/02/archaeopteryx-1861-2011.html](http://historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com/2011/02/archaeopteryx-1861-2011.html)
4. [https://www.livescience.com/24745-archaeopteryx.html](https://www.livescience.com/24745-archaeopteryx.html)
5. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptor)
6. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/487648871307669/posts/29906100989035734/](https://www.facebook.com/groups/487648871307669/posts/29906100989035734/)
7. [http://www.dinosaur-world.com/feathered_dinosaurs/microraptor_gui.htm](http://www.dinosaur-world.com/feathered_dinosaurs/microraptor_gui.htm)
8. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimus)
9. [https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/earth-and-atmospheric-sciences/ornithomimus](https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/earth-and-atmospheric-sciences/ornithomimus)
10. [https://www.dinopit.com/ornithomimus/](https://www.dinopit.com/ornithomimus/)
11. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur)
12. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTaEN3F10A8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTaEN3F10A8)
13. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nx8J6Y6OsQo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nx8J6Y6OsQo)
14. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dktnOPfE7Dc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dktnOPfE7Dc)
15. [https://www.amnh.org/dinosaurs/types-of-dinosaurs](https://www.amnh.org/dinosaurs/types-of-dinosaurs)
16. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7DQPsaD_XQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7DQPsaD_XQ)
17. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5BFR-E-ae0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5BFR-E-ae0)
18. [https://www.dinohunters.com/History/Microraptor.htm](https://www.dinohunters.com/History/Microraptor.htm)
19. [https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/dino-directory/name/name-az-all/gallery.html](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/dino-directory/name/name-az-all/gallery.html)
20. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/293131130735001/posts/8355257607855606/](https://www.facebook.com/groups/293131130735001/posts/8355257607855606/)
21. [https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Ornithomimus/312838](https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Ornithomimus/312838)