[grok] **No, Thomas Jefferson did not write personal, intimate, or narrative accounts about Sally Hemings (or to her) in any surviving documents.** There are no known letters between them, and he never publicly or privately (in extant writings) discussed their relationship or acknowledged paternity of her children. Historians and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation at Monticello emphasize that the few scattered references to her in Jefferson’s own records and correspondence treat her administratively, like other members of the Hemings family or enslaved people at Monticello—no personal details, distinctions, or commentary set her apart. ### Administrative and Incidental Mentions Jefferson was a meticulous record-keeper. References to Sally Hemings appear in these contexts: - **Account books / Memorandum Books (especially Paris years, 1787–1789)**: These are the “receipts in Paris” you recall. Jefferson recorded specific expenses for her as part of his household: - Payment for her smallpox inoculation (by Dr. Sutton or similar; she was quarantined ~40 days outside Paris). - Purchase of clothes for her (e.g., one entry for 96 livres). - Small wages or *etrennes* (New Year’s gifts), such as 12 + 12 livres in one 1789 entry—unusual documentation for an enslaved person in that setting. - Other minor household/servant expenses (washing, board). These are ledger-style entries, not descriptive writing “about” her. - **Farm Book (1774–1824)**: Jefferson listed enslaved people at Monticello and other properties, including detailed rolls with names, birth years/dates, locations, rations (fish, bread, beef, clothing, blankets, shoes), and other administrative data. Sally Hemings (born ~1773) appears, often grouped with her children (e.g., Beverly, Harriet, Madison, Eston) and other Hemings family members. These are plantation management records. - **One known letter reference**: In a July 2, 1802, letter to his daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph (about managing measles exposure at Monticello when another daughter, Mary/Maria, might visit), Jefferson wrote: “…Squire’s house would be a good place for the nail boys, should they have it, and Betty Hemings’s for Bet’s or Sally’s children. there are no other children on the mountain.” He refers to “Sally’s children” in a practical, household-health context. ### The 1802 Scandal and Jefferson’s Response When journalist James T. Callender publicly alleged the relationship in 1802, Jefferson followed his long-standing policy of not responding to personal attacks in the press. He made **no explicit public comment**. A private 1805 cover letter to Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith (enclosing a now-lost letter to Levi Lincoln) is sometimes interpreted by historians as an indirect or partial denial—he admitted one old allegation (improper advances to Elizabeth Walker decades earlier) while stating it was “the only one founded in truth among all their allegations against me.” Most historians view this as ambiguous and not a direct reference to Sally Hemings or her children. ### Summary of the Historical Record - **No personal writings**: No love letters, reflections, descriptions of her appearance/character (beyond administrative notes), or acknowledgments of the relationship survive from Jefferson. - **No correspondence with her**: None is known (and given her enslaved status and the era, this is unsurprising). - **Paris records**: These confirm her presence in his household (as lady’s maid/companion to his daughters, alongside her brother James Hemings) and routine expenses, consistent with other servants. - **Broader context**: Sally Hemings left no known writings either. The relationship is documented through other sources—DNA evidence (linking a Jefferson male line to her son Eston), Jefferson’s presence at Monticello during her children’s likely conception windows, oral histories (notably Madison Hemings’s 1873 account), plantation records, and contemporary rumors/allegations. Monticello’s own research summaries state clearly that Jefferson “apparently made no explicit public or private comment on this question” in surviving materials, and the scattered references do not single her out personally. Your recollection of the Paris receipts is accurate—they exist as line-item expenses in Jefferson’s account books—but they are not personal writings *about* her. The overall silence in Jefferson’s own voice on the intimate aspects of the relationship is a well-documented feature of the historical record. --- Sources Thinking about your request Investigating Jefferson's writings on Sally Hemings ### Searched web Did Thomas Jefferson write about Sally Hemings in letters or writings 15 [ Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: What's Known | HISTORY L1: Published: 2025-02-14 # Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: What's Known | HISTORY L4: By: Lauren Davila L6: Slavery L8: # Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: What’s Known L10: The Founding Father's 38-year relationship with Hemings, a woman he enslaved at his Monticello estate, has raised controversy for two centuries. ... L20: Best known among them: Sally Hemings , who lived at his Virginia estate Monticello along with their children. L20: As with most people in bondage, there is little documentation about Hemings in the historical record. L20: But her presence—and her decisions—loom large in the Jefferson story. ... L36: From a young age, she served as a companion to Jefferson’s daughters. L38: Two years after being posted to Paris to serve as minister to France, Jefferson sent for his daughter Maria, with 14-year-old Hemings to accompany her. L38: It was during this stay in Paris that Jefferson is believed to have begun what would become a 38-year intimate relationship with Hemings. ... L50: ## **Did Jefferson Father Hemings’ Children? L50: ** L52: Rumors that Jefferson had an intimate relationship with one of his enslaved workers circulated widely during his lifetime. L52: Given his stature as a Founding Father—and the nation’s ongoing struggle to come to terms with matters of race—the question of whether he fathered her children remained a highly fraught one for two centuries. ... L60: No known portraits survive of her, and she left no written accounts. L60: It is not known whether she was literate, and the only few surviving descriptions of Hemings describe her beauty and long, straight, dark hair. L62: During her enslavement, Sally was granted certain privileges, like being given access to her children, rarely a given for women in bondage. History ](https://www.history.com/articles/thomas-jefferson-sally-hemings-essential-facts)[ Updating a life: The case of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings - Library of America L10: The rumor that Thomas Jefferson had fathered children by his slave Sally Hemings first captured the public’s attention in 1802, when muckraking journalist James T. Callender, a former agent of Jefferson’s who turned against the president when he refused to offer him a government sinecure, wrote in a Richmond newspaper, “It is well known that the man, whom it delighteth the people to honor, keeps, and for many years has kept, as his concubine, one of his slaves. Her name is SALLY .” L12: | | | --- | | *Thomas Jefferson:*<br>*Writings* | L16: For nearly two centuries, the story remained largely as it began, a rumor, one on the whole discounted by historians, vigorously refuted by keepers of Jefferson’s legacy, and tenaciously clung to by the descendents of Sally Hemings and her siblings. L16: Reflecting the prevailing historical consensus, Merrill D. Peterson (1921–2009), in his chronology for the Library of America edition *Thomas Jefferson: Writings* , first published in 1984, wrote the following for the year 1802: “In July, James T. Callender, disappointed office-seeker, commences libels of Jefferson, including allegation that he fathered children by his slave Sally Hemings.” L16: As recently as 1996, in his National Book Award–winning book *American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson* , historian Joseph J. Ellis concluded “that the likelihood of a liaison with Sally Hemings is remote,” with the caveat that “unless the trustees of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation decide to exhume the remains and do DNA testing on Jefferson as well as some of his alleged progeny, it leaves the matter a mystery.” ... L18: “The simplest and most probable” conclusion, according to the study’s authors, was that Thomas Jefferson was Eston Hemings’s father. L18: Most historians now agree that a preponderance of evidence—genetic, circumstantial, and oral historical—suggests that Jefferson was the father of all of Sally Hemings’s children, and this consensus is reflected, and refined, in Annette Gordon-Reed’s powerful 2008 National Book Award– and Pulitzer Prize–winning book *The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family* . Loa ](https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/819-updating-a-life-the-case-of-thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings/)[ Did John Adams Out Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings? L1: Published: 2004-11-01 # Did John Adams Out Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings? L4: Skip to main content L6: Subscribe to Smithsonian magazine and get a FREE tote. L8: # Did John Adams Out Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings? L10: ## A scholar makes the intriguing case that Adams gossiped about the relationship years before the news erupted in public ... L22: But while scholars have combed the sources, they have identified no specific written reference to the Jefferson-Hemings liaison prior to the appearance of Callender’s scandalous report. L24: I believe I have found two such references. L24: They precede the exposé by more than eight years, and they come from the pen of none other than Jefferson’s old friend and political rival John Adams. L24: In letters to his sons Charles and John Quincy in January of 1794, Adams points to the relationship between the sage of Monticello and the beautiful young woman known around the plantation as “Dashing Sally.” L24: The references have escaped notice until now because Adams used a classical allusion whose significance historians and biographers have failed to appreciate. L26: Adams’ letters offer tangible evidence that at least one of the country’s leading political families was aware of the Jefferson-Hemings relationship long before the scandal broke. L26: The documents cast new light on the question of elite awareness of the relationship, on the nature of the press in the early republic, and on Adams himself. ... L162: Historians have assumed that John Quincy, an amateur poet, composed the imitation ode in the weeks after Callender’s revelation hit the press. L162: But in light of his father’s letters, it is not impossible that he had written it before, as his arch little story of its discovery implied. Smithsonianmag ](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/john-adams-out-thomas-jefferson-sally-hemings-180960789/)[ relationship with TJ L1: # relationship with TJ L3: Publication L5: > Jefferson Papers Indexes > Index, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 43 (11 March–30 June 1804) > H > Hemings, Sally L7: > relationship with TJ L9: Jefferson Papers Indexes | Index, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 43  | H | Hemings, Sally  |  relationship with TJ Rotunda.upress.virginia ](https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-index-43-8-66-3&mode=TOC)[ III. Review of Documentary Sources - Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L8: | **1802** | James Thomson Callender, extracts of articles in Richmond *Recorder,* September through December | | --- | --- | | **1850s** | Extracts of journal of John Hartwell Cocke, January 26, 1853, and April 23, 1859, University of Virginia Library | | **1858** | Letter of Jefferson's granddaughter Ellen Coolidge to her husband, Joseph Coolidge, October 24, 1858, Ellen Coolidge Letterbook, pages 98-102, University of Virginia Library; also printed in Annette Gordon-Reed, *Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy* (Charlottesville, 1997), pages 258-260 | | **1862** | ... L18: #### **Primary Sources** (see Appendix E ): L20: These primary sources include: the first public allegation of a Jefferson-Hemings relationship, by a Richmond journalist us; a Jefferson letter viewed by some historians as a denial of the relationship; the transcribed interviews of a former Monticello overseer and two former slaves; the diary extracts of one of Jefferson's friends; and letters of two of Jefferson's grandchildren and a biographer who spoke to or corresponded with those grandchildren. ... L24: **1805. L24: ** In the absence of the letter enclosed with it, the cover letter to Robert Smith remains somewhat ambiguous. L24: Most historians interpret Jefferson's statements in the cover letter as his denial of all Federalist allegations against him, except for improper advances made forty years earlier to John Walker's wife, Elizabeth. L24: These allegations included the relationship with Sally Hemings. L26: **1850s. L26: ** Jefferson's friend John Hartwell Cocke expressed his belief in the relationship many years after Jefferson's death. L26: 1858, 1868, 1874. L26: Jefferson's grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph was the source of three versions of his family's explanation, which implicated one of Jefferson's Carr nephews, an explanation that is contradicted, in the case of Eston Hemings, by the DNA evidence. ... L30: **1873. L30: ** The account of Madison Hemings, who stated that he and three of his siblings-Beverly, Harriet, and Eston-were the children of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson, is taken as an authentic reflection of his observations and beliefs. L30: Former Monticello slave Israel Gillette Jefferson, in a statement in the same year, corroborated Madison Hemings's assertion that Jefferson was his father. Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/research-report-on-jefferson-and-hemings/iii-review-of-documentary-sources/)[ The Great Jefferson Taboo (June 1972, Volume 23, Issue 4) n:52886 L36: 2 Jefferson to Edward Coles, Aug. 25, 1814, Writings of Thomas Jefferson , Paul L. Ford, ed. L36: (N.Y., 1892-99, 10 vols.), Vol. L36: IX, p. 478 L38: 3 Autobiography , Dumas Malone, ed. L38: (N.Y., 1966), p. 62 L40: Yet, ironically, one of the stories that clings tenaciously to Jefferson is that he actually had a family by a slave woman. L40: The so-called Sally Hemings story broke into the press in great detail in 1802; public scoldings and bawdy ballads humiliated President Jefferson well into 1805. L40: Throughout the 1830’s and 1840’s abolitionists elaborated the story to suggest that Jefferson had had a whole seraglio of black women and that one of his black mistresses and two of his daughters had been sold at a slave auction in New Orleans. ... L66: As everyone knows, Jefferson was a man of very great gifts and special sensibility. L66: Yet we know little about Sally Hemings except that she was a quadroon of considerable beauty and that she was the half sister of his wife. L66: Several of her brothers could read and write, and one may assume that this was true also of Sally. L66: But no letter from her has been preserved, nor any by Jefferson to her. L68: Still, if it is true that Sally’s seven children were also his children, this already illuminates the length and steadiness of their affection for each other and suggests that there may have been much suffering because it could not publicly be honored. ... L98: She went back to England in December, 1787, and Jefferson was again left lonely and bereft. L98: Earlier he had written to her, “I am born to lose everything I love.” 15 L100: 15 Jefferson to Maria Cosway, July 1, 1787, Papers of Thomas Jefferson , Vol. L100: XI, p. 520 Americanheritage ](https://www.americanheritage.com/great-jefferson-taboo)[ Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L1: Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L3: Statement on the Report by TJF President Daniel P. Jordan L5: 0) Committee Charge and Overview L6: 1) Assessment of DNA Study L7: 2) Review of Documentary Sources ... L22: Eugene A. Foster et al., "Jefferson Fathered Slave's Last Child," November 5, 1998 L24: Eric S. Lander and Joseph J. Ellis, "Founding Father," November 5, 1998 L26: Eugene A. Foster et al., Reply: The Thomas Jefferson paternity case, letter to editor, January 7, 1999 1) Views of scientists consulted ... L35: Dr. Bruce Stillman , Director, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, February 1999 L36: 2) Hemings and Jefferson family trees (not presently available -- pertinent information is found in Appendix J and Appendix H) L37: 3) Foundation statement of November 1, 1998 (.PDF) L38: 4) Table of Contents of Relevant Primary Documents (.PDF) L39: 5) Review of primary documentary evidence (.PDF) L40: 6) Oral History in the Hemings Family L41: 7) Compilation of documentary information on Sally Hemings and her children L42: 8) Statistical study of the relationship between Thomas Jefferson's presence at Monticello and Sally Hemings's conceptions (article published in the William and Mary Quarterly, January L42: 2000) (.PDF) L43: 9) Summary of research on the possible paternity of other Jeffersons L44: 10) Assessment of Thomas C. Woodson connection to Sally Hemings Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/report-research-committee-thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings)[ Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: Myths and Facts - History L17: Loading... L19: Myth: Thomas Jefferson kept a concubine slave and fathered children with her! L21: In 1802, James T. Callender published an editorial in the Richmond Recorder that claimed President Thomas Jefferson had fathered a child with Sally Hemings, one of his own slaves. L21: The story gained traction in the Federalist press (Jefferson was a Republican), but Jefferson ignored the allegation and never commented on it. L21: His non-response has created two hundred years of speculation, a process that culminated in the 1998 DNA tests of several families that claimed a connection to Jefferson. ... L21: The Sally Hemings story is a fine example of irresponsible scholarship based largely on contestable circumstantial evidence. L23: Loading... L25: Loading... L27: ## Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson L29: Even before he wrote the story linking Jefferson to Hemings, Callender had earned a notorious reputation. ... L33: He revealed that Jefferson had bankrolled some of his earlier scandalous writings—a charge that Jefferson was forced to admit. L33: Callender then hit him with the Hemings story. L33: Callender had never visited Monticello and based his information on the fact that several of Jefferson’s slaves were light-skinned. L33: Callender later implicated Jefferson in the seduction of a married woman. L33: Jefferson eventually confessed to that charge but deflected the Hemings accusation by pretending it did not exist (at least in public; privately he denied it). L33: In 1802, one of Callender’s public tar-gets clubbed him over the head. Historyonthenet ](https://www.historyonthenet.com/sally-hemings-and-thomas-jefferson)[ Monticello Affirms Thomas Jefferson Fathered Children with Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L3: It is now the Thomas Jefferson Foundation’s view that the issue is a settled historical matter. L5: A considerable body of evidence stretching from 1802 to 1873 (and beyond) describes Thomas Jefferson as the father of Sally Hemings’s children. L5: It was corroborated by the findings of the Y-chromosome haplotype DNA study conducted by Dr. Eugene Foster and published in the scientific journal Nature in November 1998. L5: The DNA study did prove paternity of a Jefferson family member and corroborated the ample documentary and oral history evidence. L5: Other evidence supports Thomas Jefferson’s paternity as well, including his presence at Monticello during Sally Hemings’s likely windows of conception, the names of Hemings’s surviving children, and the fact that all of her children were granted freedom – they were either allowed to leave the plantation, or legally emancipated in Jefferson’s will, a unique occurrence among Monticello’s enslaved families. L5: The summary of the most important evidence proving Jefferson’s paternity is listed below. L5: 1 L7: 1. Madison Hemings provided an account of his mother’s life that was published in an Ohio newspaper in 1873. The basic outline of Madison Hemings’s account, including his mother’s “treaty” with Jefferson and the freedom granted to him and his siblings, was well known to his community before it was published. His narrative is the most important extant evidence and much of the corroborating evidence supports the outline of his narrative. ... L11: 5. Eston Hemings changed his racial identity to white and his surname to Jefferson after moving from Ohio to Wisconsin in 1852. Newspaper accounts in Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1887 and 1902 recalled that Eston resembled Thomas Jefferson. L12: 6. The two oldest surviving children of Sally Hemings, Beverly Hemings (a male) and Harriet Hemings, were both allowed to leave Monticello without pursuit and were described as “run away” in Jefferson’s inventory of enslaved families. In an 1858 letter to her husband Joseph Coolidge, Jefferson’s granddaughter, Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, (while denying Jefferson’s paternity) described Sally Hemings’s children as “all fair and all set free at my grandfather’s death, or had been suffered to absent themselves permanently before he died." L13: 7. Jefferson's records of his travels and the birthdays of Sally Hemings’s children reveal that he was present at Monticello during the estimated dates of conception for all six of Hemings's documented offspring. Statistical modeling shows the likelihood of this coincidence for any other male (if we assume that Thomas Jefferson is not the father) as 1 percent, or 1 chance in 100 — strong evidence of Thomas Jefferson’s paternity. 2 Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/monticello-affirms-thomas-jefferson-fathered-children-with-sally-hemings/)[ Jefferson–Hemings controversy - Wikipedia L42: Others privately or publicly made the claim. L42: [ 16 ] Elijah Fletcher , the headmaster of the New Glasgow Academy ( Amherst County, Virginia ) visited Jefferson in 1811 and wrote in his diary: L44: > Republicans as well as federalists in his own County dislike him and tell many anecdotes much to his disgrace—I confess I never had a very exalted opinion of his moral conduct—but from the information I gained of his neighbors, who must best know him—I have a much poorer one—The story of black Sal is no farce—That he cohabits with her and has several children by her is a sacred truth—and the worst of it is he keeps the same children slaves—an unnatural crime which is very common in these parts. L45: > [ > 17 > ] L49: Jefferson made no public comment on the matter, although most historians interpret his cover letter from 1805 to Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith as a denial alluding to a fuller reply, which has been lost. L49: [ 18 ] L51: The Jefferson-Wayles descendants and most historians denied for nearly 200 years that he was the father of Hemings' children. ... L51: According to an 1868 letter by Jefferson's biographer Henry S. Randall to the historian James Parton , Jefferson's grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph , said that Jefferson's surviving daughter Martha stated on her deathbed that Jefferson had been away from Monticello for 15 months before one of Hemings' children was born, so could not be the father. ... L61: [ 21 ] L63: Because of the social taboos about this topic, Randolph requested, and Randall agreed, to omit any mention of Hemings and her children in Randall's three-volume biography, *Life of Thomas Jefferson* (1858). L63: [ 20 ] But Randall passed on the Randolph oral history in a letter to the historian James Parton . ... L198: [ 74 ] In August 1807, a probable conception time for Eston Hemings, Thomas Jefferson wrote to his brother about visiting, but there is no evidence that the younger man arrived. L198: Similarly, no documentation of a Randolph visit appears at the probable conception time for Madison Hemings. Wikipedia ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy)[ Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L18: Although there had been rumors of a sexual relationship between Jefferson and an enslaved woman before 1802, Callender's article spread the story widely. L18: It was taken up by Jefferson's Federalist opponents and was published in many newspapers during the remainder of Jefferson's presidency. L20: Jefferson's policy was to offer no public response to personal attacks, and he apparently made no explicit public or private comment on this question (although a private letter of 1805 has been interpreted by some individuals as a denial of the story). L20: Sally Hemings left no known accounts. L22: Jefferson's daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph privately denied the published reports. L22: Two of her children, Ellen Randolph Coolidge and Thomas Jefferson Randolph , maintained many years later that such a liaison was not possible, on both moral and practical grounds. ... L46: * There are no known images of Sally Hemings and only four known descriptions of her appearance or demeanor . L47: * Sally Hemings left no known written accounts. It is not known if she was literate. L48: * In the few scattered references to Sally Hemings in Thomas Jefferson's records and correspondence, there is nothing to distinguish her from other members of her family. L49: * Thomas Jefferson was at Monticello at the likely conception times of Sally Hemings's six known children. There are no records suggesting that she was elsewhere at these times, or records of any births at times that would exclude Jefferson paternity. Web.archive ](https://web.archive.org/web/20190326130952/https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-brief-account)[ Sally Hemings | Hamilton Education Program L1: # Sally Hemings | Hamilton Education Program L3: Skip to main content L5: # Sally Hemings L9: Silhouette of unidentified woman or girl, by Charles Willson Peale (Library of Congress) L11: Born in Virginia, Sally Hemings (ca. 1773–1835) was enslaved in the household of Thomas Jefferson, who had a sexual relationship with her. L11: Genetic analysis has determined that Hemings’s six children likely were fathered by Jefferson. L11: Upon Jefferson’s death, Hemings lived the last nine years of her life as a free woman in Charlottesville, Virginia. L15: ### “Notorious for—a Sally,” 1805 L17: Supporting Document L21: ### John Quincy Adams’s Poetic Message to Thomas Jefferson, 1802 L23: A poem mocking Thomas Jefferson for his affair with Sally Hemings L25: Supporting Document L29: ### Abigail Adams Writes to Jefferson about Sally Hemings, 1787 L31: A letter voicing concerns about Sally Hemings accompanying Polly Jefferson to Paris—citing her youth but praising her demeanor L33: Supporting Document Hamilton.gilderlehrman ](https://hamilton.gilderlehrman.org/person/sally-hemings)[ Sally Hemings - Children, Thomas Jefferson & Descendants | HISTORY L24: In his public life, Jefferson made statements describing Black people as biologically inferior and claiming that a biracial American society was impossible. L24: Despite those public comments, strong evidence has led historians to conclude that Jefferson had a longstanding relationship with an enslaved woman named Sally Hemings, and the two had as many as six children together. L26: ## Who Was Sally Hemings? L28: Sally Hemings (her given name was probably Sarah) was born in 1773; she was the daughter of Elizabeth (Betty) Hemings, and her father was allegedly John Wayles, Thomas Jefferson’s father-in-law. L28: She came into Jefferson’s household as part of his inheritance from the Wayles estate in 1774, and as a child probably served as a nurse to Jefferson’s younger daughter, Mary (Maria). ... L40: 3:07m watch L42: ## Rumors of a Relationship L44: Rumors of a relationship between the widowed Jefferson (his wife Martha died in 1782, after a difficult delivery of the couple’s third daughter) and one of his enslaved workers circulated in Virginia society for years: Sally’s several children looked to be fathered by a white man, and some had features resembling Jefferson’s. ... L54: ## Evidence and Consensus L56: In January 2000, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation accepted the conclusion, supported by DNA evidence, that Jefferson and Sally Hemings had at least one and probably six offspring between 1790 and 1808. L56: Though most historians now agree that Jefferson and Hemings had a sexual relationship, debate continues over the duration of that relationship and, especially, over its nature. L56: Admirers of Jefferson are inclined to see his relationship with Hemings as a love affair, despite his public statements about race. L56: Others view Jefferson's relationship with Hemings—who was enslaved by the Founding Father—as predatory and hypocritical, given Jefferson's writings on freedom and equality. History ](https://www.history.com/articles/sally-hemings)[ When the Past Speaks to the Present: Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History L47: No better example of this pattern can be found than the long and highly contested debate over the relationship between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, who was one of Jefferson’s slaves. L47: Although eighteenth-century gossip and newspaper stories suggested that Jefferson was the father of Madison, Eston, and the other Hemings offspring, twentieth-century historians proved reluctant to credit these stories. L47: Two written documents—a letter and a memoir created by grandchildren of Thomas Jefferson—seemed to provide adequate proof that the claims of Jefferson’s paternity were false. L47: One of these grandchildren stated that Jefferson’s nephew, Samuel Carr, fathered all of Hemings’s children; the other insisted that Samuel’s brother, Peter Carr, was their father. L49: But a third account also existed. L49: This came from Madison Hemings, Sally Hemings’s son. L49: Madison Hemings provided his version of the relationship between Jefferson and his mother in an interview with an Ohio newspaperman in 1873. L49: It was his claim that his mother, Sally, was Jefferson’s longstanding mistress, and Jefferson the father of all of her children. L51: Clearly, the written "evidence" on the relationship between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings was contradictory. L51: The reliability of all three accounts required investigation. L51: For, as scholars know, the written word is not necessarily inherently truthful; people can make things up and put them in family letters, declare them in written speeches, record them in diaries, or provide them in newspaper interviews. ... L57: Instead, the grandchildren’s claim that one of the Carr brothers fathered Sally Hemings’s children was accepted. L57: But in 1998, a new, remarkably modern form of evidence corroborated Madison Hemings’s account. L57: In that year, DNA testing on Jefferson, Hemings, and Carr descendants disproved any connection between the Carrs and the Hemingses, and confirmed a connection between the Jeffersons and the Hemingses. Gilderlehrman ](https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/essays/when-past-speaks-present-thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings)[ Genealogy.edu: Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings Article (Page 1) L76: He and other enemies of Jefferson wrote concerning Jefferson’s relationship and children with Sally, in an effort to tarnish his image. L78: As for evidence from Thomas Jefferson himself regarding his association with Sally, he wrote the following letter to his daughter, Mary Jefferson Eppes, in July of 1802, concerning her proposed visit to Monticello and the presence of measles at the plantation: I have not heard yet of the disease having got to Monticello, but . . . it cannot have failed to have gone there immediately; and as there are no young children there but Bet’s and Sally’s, and the disease is communicable before a person knows they have it, I have no doubt those children have past through it. ... L94: In July of 1805, Jefferson wrote a letter to Attorney General Levi Lincoln. L94: That letter was enclosed in a cover letter sent to Secretary of the Navy, Robert Smith. L94: Smith was to read the letter before passing the enclosure to Lincoln: The inclosed copy of a letter to Mr. Lincoln will so fully explain its own object, that I need say nothing in that way. L96: I communicate it to particular friends because I wish to stand with them on the ground of truth, neither better nor worse than that makes me. L96: You will perceive that I plead guilty to one of their charges, that when young and single I offered love to a handsome lady. ... L100: The words, “all their allegations against me,” refer to the Walkers and the specific charges they had brought, not the Hemings affair. L100: Further, Jefferson himself, in an 1816 reference to Federalist charges, wrote: As to federal slanders, I never wished them to be answered. L102: (39) L104: That statement certainly clarifies Jefferson’s earlier letter. L104: In 1815, Jefferson clarified his opinion on this matter when he wrote to an acquaintance, Francis C. Gray, to answer Gray’s question, “When does a black man become white?” L106: You asked me in conversation, what constituted a mulatto by our law. . . . Web.archive ](https://web.archive.org/web/20110719200655/http:/www.genealogy.edu/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=3543) ### Searched web Thomas Jefferson letters mentioning Sally Hemings OR "Sally Hemings" 10 [ Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: What's Known | HISTORY L1: Published: 2025-02-14 # Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: What's Known | HISTORY L4: By: Lauren Davila L6: Slavery L8: # Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: What’s Known L10: The Founding Father's 38-year relationship with Hemings, a woman he enslaved at his Monticello estate, has raised controversy for two centuries. ... L36: From a young age, she served as a companion to Jefferson’s daughters. L38: Two years after being posted to Paris to serve as minister to France, Jefferson sent for his daughter Maria, with 14-year-old Hemings to accompany her. L38: It was during this stay in Paris that Jefferson is believed to have begun what would become a 38-year intimate relationship with Hemings. ... L40: With slavery illegal in France, Jefferson the diplomat likely took pains to keep the siblings’ enslaved status quiet. L42: ## **Hemings Negotiated for Her Children’s Freedom** L44: Sally was 16 and pregnant in 1789 when Jefferson asked her to return with him to his estate in Virginia. ... L50: ## **Did Jefferson Father Hemings’ Children? L50: ** L52: Rumors that Jefferson had an intimate relationship with one of his enslaved workers circulated widely during his lifetime. L52: Given his stature as a Founding Father—and the nation’s ongoing struggle to come to terms with matters of race—the question of whether he fathered her children remained a highly fraught one for two centuries. ... L54: They were extremely light-skinned, and several contemporary accounts reported that they resembled the third president. L56: Logistically, the schedule consistently matched up over the decades. L56: “The time of the conception of her children tracks with Jefferson’s visits to Monticello from his various positions in government,” Gordon-Reed, the nation’s premiere Hemings scholar, told HISTORY.com in an email. History ](https://www.history.com/articles/thomas-jefferson-sally-hemings-essential-facts)[ Did John Adams Out Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings? L22: But while scholars have combed the sources, they have identified no specific written reference to the Jefferson-Hemings liaison prior to the appearance of Callender’s scandalous report. L24: I believe I have found two such references. L24: They precede the exposé by more than eight years, and they come from the pen of none other than Jefferson’s old friend and political rival John Adams. L24: In letters to his sons Charles and John Quincy in January of 1794, Adams points to the relationship between the sage of Monticello and the beautiful young woman known around the plantation as “Dashing Sally.” L24: The references have escaped notice until now because Adams used a classical allusion whose significance historians and biographers have failed to appreciate. L26: Adams’ letters offer tangible evidence that at least one of the country’s leading political families was aware of the Jefferson-Hemings relationship long before the scandal broke. L26: The documents cast new light on the question of elite awareness of the relationship, on the nature of the press in the early republic, and on Adams himself. ... L32: On January 2 he wrote to Charles: L34: > Mr Jefferson is going to Montecello to Spend his Days in Retirement, in Rural Amusements and Philosophical Meditations—Untill the President dies or resigns, when I suppose he is to be invited from his Conversations with Egeria in the Groves, to take the Reins of the State, and conduct it forty Years in Piety and Peace. ... L128: So while John Adams, in Philadelphia, did not refrain from criticizing Jefferson in his January 6, 1794, letter to Abigail, in Massachusetts, he did so with care. L130: > Jefferson went off Yesterday, and a good riddance of bad ware. L130: I hope his Temper will be more cool and his Principles more reasonable in Retirement than they have been in office. Smithsonianmag ](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/john-adams-out-thomas-jefferson-sally-hemings-180960789/)[ relationship with TJ L1: # relationship with TJ L3: Publication L5: > Jefferson Papers Indexes > Index, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 43 (11 March–30 June 1804) > H > Hemings, Sally L7: > relationship with TJ L9: Jefferson Papers Indexes | Index, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 43  | H | Hemings, Sally  |  relationship with TJ Rotunda.upress.virginia ](https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-index-43-8-66-3&mode=TOC)[ III. Review of Documentary Sources - Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L8: | **1802** | James Thomson Callender, extracts of articles in Richmond *Recorder,* September through December | | --- | --- | | **1850s** | Extracts of journal of John Hartwell Cocke, January 26, 1853, and April 23, 1859, University of Virginia Library | | **1858** | Letter of Jefferson's granddaughter Ellen Coolidge to her husband, Joseph Coolidge, October 24, 1858, Ellen Coolidge Letterbook, pages 98-102, University of Virginia Library; also printed in Annette Gordon-Reed, *Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy* (Charlottesville, 1997), pages 258-260 | | **1862** | ... L18: #### **Primary Sources** (see Appendix E ): L20: These primary sources include: the first public allegation of a Jefferson-Hemings relationship, by a Richmond journalist us; a Jefferson letter viewed by some historians as a denial of the relationship; the transcribed interviews of a former Monticello overseer and two former slaves; the diary extracts of one of Jefferson's friends; and letters of two of Jefferson's grandchildren and a biographer who spoke to or corresponded with those grandchildren. ... L24: **1805. L24: ** In the absence of the letter enclosed with it, the cover letter to Robert Smith remains somewhat ambiguous. L24: Most historians interpret Jefferson's statements in the cover letter as his denial of all Federalist allegations against him, except for improper advances made forty years earlier to John Walker's wife, Elizabeth. L24: These allegations included the relationship with Sally Hemings. L26: **1850s. L26: ** Jefferson's friend John Hartwell Cocke expressed his belief in the relationship many years after Jefferson's death. L26: 1858, 1868, 1874. L26: Jefferson's grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph was the source of three versions of his family's explanation, which implicated one of Jefferson's Carr nephews, an explanation that is contradicted, in the case of Eston Hemings, by the DNA evidence. ... L30: **1873. L30: ** The account of Madison Hemings, who stated that he and three of his siblings-Beverly, Harriet, and Eston-were the children of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson, is taken as an authentic reflection of his observations and beliefs. L30: Former Monticello slave Israel Gillette Jefferson, in a statement in the same year, corroborated Madison Hemings's assertion that Jefferson was his father. Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/research-report-on-jefferson-and-hemings/iii-review-of-documentary-sources/)[ Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L1: # Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L3: Years after his wife’s death, Thomas Jefferson fathered at least six of Sally Hemings ’s children. L3: Four survived to adulthood and are mentioned in Jefferson’s plantation records: Beverly, Harriet, Madison, and Eston Hemings. ... L25: Jefferson's policy was to offer no public response to personal attacks, and he apparently made no explicit public or private comment on this question (although a private letter of 1805 has been interpreted by some individuals as a denial of the story). L25: Sally Hemings left no known accounts. L27: Jefferson's daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph privately denied the published reports. L27: Two of her children, Ellen Randolph Coolidge and Thomas Jefferson Randolph , maintained many years later that such a liaison was not possible, on both moral and practical grounds. ... L55: * There are no known images of Sally Hemings and only four known descriptions of her appearance or demeanor . L56: * Sally Hemings left no known written accounts. It is not known if she was literate. L57: * In the few scattered references to Sally Hemings in Thomas Jefferson's records and correspondence, there is nothing to distinguish her from other members of her family. L58: * Thomas Jefferson was at Monticello at the likely conception times of Sally Hemings's six known children. There are no records suggesting that she was elsewhere at these times, or records of any births at times that would exclude Jefferson paternity. Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/)[ Ellen Coolidge Randolph on TJ and Sally Hemings (1858 letter) 24 October 1858 I am just from church, a church originally planned by Grandpapa, where I hear a good sermon from an Episcopalian Clergyman, a young man, the Revd. M Butler. I have been talking freely with my brother Jefferson on the subject of the "yellow children" and will give you the substance of our conversation, with my subsequent reflections. It is difficult to prove a negative. It is impossible to prove that Mr. Jefferson never had a coloured mistress or coloured children and that these children were never sold as slaves. The latter part of the charge however is disproved by it atrocity, and its utter disagreement with the general character and conduct of Mr. Jefferson, acknowledged to be a humane man and eminently a kind master Would he who was always most considerate of the feelings and the well-being of his slaves, treat them barbarously only when they happened to be his own children, and leave them to be sol... L1: # Ellen Coolidge Randolph on TJ and Sally Hemings (1858 letter) L3: 24 October 1858 I am just from church, a church originally planned by Grandpapa, where I hear a good sermon from an Episcopalian Clergyman, a young man, the Revd. L4: M Butler. L6: I have been talking freely with my brother Jefferson on the subject of the "yellow children" and will give you the substance of our conversation, with my subsequent reflections. L8: It is difficult to prove a negative. L8: It is impossible to prove that Mr. Jefferson never had a coloured mistress or coloured children and that these children were never sold as slaves. L8: The latter part of the charge however is disproved by it atrocity, and its utter disagreement with the general character and conduct of Mr. Jefferson, acknowledged to be a humane man and eminently a kind master Would he who was always most considerate of the feelings and the well-being of his slaves, treat them barbarously only when they happened to be his own children, and leave them to be sold in a distant market when he might have left them free--as you know he did several of his slaves, directing his executor to petition the Legislature of Virginia for leave for them to remain in the ... L16: One woman known to Mr. J. Q. Adams and others as "dusky Sally" was pretty notoriously the mistress of a married man, a near relation of Mr. Jefferson's, and there can be small question that her children were his. L16: They were all fair and all set free at my grandfather's death, or had been suffered to absent themselves permanently before he died. L16: The mother, Sally Hemmings, had accompanied Mr. Jefferson's younger daughter to Paris and was lady's maid to both sisters. L16: Again I ask is it likely that so fond, so anxious a father, whose letters to his daughters are replete with tenderness and with good counsels for their conduct, should (when there were so many ocher objects upon whom to fix his illicit attentions) have selected the female attendant of his own pure children to become his paramour? ... L22: There is a general impression that the four children of Sally Hemmings were all the children of Col. Carr, the most notorious good-natured Turk that ever was master of a black seraglio kept at other men's expense. L22: His deeds are as well known as his name. Facebook ](https://www.facebook.com/ThJeffersonMonticello/posts/ellen-coolidge-randolph-on-tj-and-sally-hemings-1858-letter24-october-1858i-am-j/838113206996915/)[ Letters of Thomas Jefferson : Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive L1: # Letters of Thomas Jefferson : Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive L3: Skip to main content Ask the publishers to restore access to 500,000+ books. L5: Search the history of more than 1 trillion web pages. ... L26: # Letters of Thomas Jefferson L28: by L30: Publication date L32: Topics L34: Publisher L36: Tilton, N.H. : Sanbornton Bridge Press L38: Collection L40: Contributor L42: Internet Archive L44: Language L46: English L48: Item Size L50: 750.6M L52: 260 p. ; 22 cm L54: Bibliography: p. 251-252 L56: Access-restricted-item L58: true L60: Addeddate L62: 2023-05-03 23:30:58 L64: Autocrop_version L66: 0.0.14_books-20220331-0.2 L68: Bookplateleaf L70: 0010 L72: Boxid L74: IA40917211 L76: Camera L78: USB PTP Class Camera L80: Collection_set L82: printdisabled L84: External-identifier L86: Foldoutcount L88: 0 L90: Identifier L92: lettersofthomasj0000jeff L94: Identifier-ark L96: ark:/13960/s2rx96zp320 L98: Invoice L100: 1652 L102: Show More L104: Full catalog record L106: MARCXML L108: ## Reviews L110: 110 L112: Previews L114: 3 Favorites L116: # DOWNLOAD OPTIONS L118: No suitable files to display here. L120: # IN COLLECTIONS L122: Internet Archive Books L124: Uploaded by station37.cebu on April 26, 2023 L130: # SIMILAR ITEMS (based on metadata) Archive ](https://archive.org/details/lettersofthomasj0000jeff)[ Monticello Affirms Thomas Jefferson Fathered Children with Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L5: The DNA study did prove paternity of a Jefferson family member and corroborated the ample documentary and oral history evidence. L5: Other evidence supports Thomas Jefferson’s paternity as well, including his presence at Monticello during Sally Hemings’s likely windows of conception, the names of Hemings’s surviving children, and the fact that all of her children were granted freedom – they were either allowed to leave the plantation, or legally emancipated in Jefferson’s will, a unique occurrence among Monticello’s enslaved families. ... L8: which one) was the father of Sally Hemings's children. L9: 3. Madison Hemings was described by a U.S. census taker as the son of Thomas Jefferson in 1870. L10: 4. Israel Gillette Jefferson, formerly enslaved at Monticello, corroborated Madison Hemings’s claim in the same newspaper, referring to Sally Hemings as Thomas Jefferson’s “concubine.” L11: 5. Eston Hemings changed his racial identity to white and his surname to Jefferson after moving from Ohio to Wisconsin in 1852. Newspaper accounts in Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1887 and 1902 recalled that Eston resembled Thomas Jefferson. L12: 6. The two oldest surviving children of Sally Hemings, Beverly Hemings (a male) and Harriet Hemings, were both allowed to leave Monticello without pursuit and were described as “run away” in Jefferson’s inventory of enslaved families. In an 1858 letter to her husband Joseph Coolidge, Jefferson’s granddaughter, Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, (while denying Jefferson’s paternity) described Sally Hemings’s children as “all fair and all set free at my grandfather’s death, or had been suffered to absent themselves permanently before he died." L13: 7. Jefferson's records of his travels and the birthdays of Sally Hemings’s children reveal that he was present at Monticello during the estimated dates of conception for all six of Hemings's documented offspring. Statistical modeling shows the likelihood of this coincidence for any other male (if we assume that Thomas Jefferson is not the father) as 1 percent, or 1 chance in 100 — strong evidence of Thomas Jefferson’s paternity. 2 ... L15: 9. Jefferson freed all four surviving Hemings children (in accordance with the terms of his negotiation with Sally Hemings, as reported by her son Madison). He did not grant freedom to any other enslaved nuclear family. L16: 10. The names of Sally Hemings’s four surviving children — William Beverly Hemings, Harriet Hemings, James Madison Hemings, and Thomas Eston Hemings — suggest family ties to Thomas Jefferson. Annette Gordon-Reed outlines these naming connections in her book, *Thomas Jefferson & Sally Hemings: An American Controversy* (1997). A man named William Beverly accompanied Jefferson’s father on an expedition through Virginia in 1746, and he was connected to Jefferson’s mother’s family by blood and marriage. There were multiple Harriets in the Randolph family, including a sister and a niece Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/monticello-affirms-thomas-jefferson-fathered-children-with-sally-hemings/)[ The Great Jefferson Taboo (June 1972, Volume 23, Issue 4) n:52886 L66: As everyone knows, Jefferson was a man of very great gifts and special sensibility. L66: Yet we know little about Sally Hemings except that she was a quadroon of considerable beauty and that she was the half sister of his wife. L66: Several of her brothers could read and write, and one may assume that this was true also of Sally. L66: But no letter from her has been preserved, nor any by Jefferson to her. L68: Still, if it is true that Sally’s seven children were also his children, this already illuminates the length and steadiness of their affection for each other and suggests that there may have been much suffering because it could not publicly be honored. ... L88: It was Sally Hemings. L88: Though Sally was only fourteen, Abigail believed her to be “about 15 or 16” and described her unhappily in a letter to Jefferson as “quite a child … wanting even more care” than Polly, and “wholly incapable” of looking after her young charge properly by herself. ... L98: She went back to England in December, 1787, and Jefferson was again left lonely and bereft. L98: Earlier he had written to her, “I am born to lose everything I love.” 15 L100: 15 Jefferson to Maria Cosway, July 1, 1787, Papers of Thomas Jefferson , Vol. L100: XI, p. 520 L102: Sally Hemings was now fifteen. L102: She was learning French, as was her older brother James, who was in Paris as Jefferson’s personal servant. L102: 16 We know from Jefferson’s account books that he paid 240 francs to a Dr. Sutton on November 6, 1787, for Sally’s smallpox inoculation, and that by January, 1788, he had begun for the first time to pay wages to both James and Sally Hemings, thirty-six francs a month to James and twenty-four to his sister. Americanheritage ](https://www.americanheritage.com/great-jefferson-taboo)[ Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings (Part 1) - Virginia Christian Alliance L62: Jefferson wanted his two daughters, aged 12 and 9, to accompany him to Paris. L62: Accordingly, he asked 14 year old Sally Hemings to come along as a companion for his children. L62: Jefferson also asked Hemings’ 19 year old brother to come also, to be trained in French cooking, at which he apparently became very adept. L64: In Paris, Jefferson was engaged in a constant round of very public social and political engagements. L64: Yet it is a remarkable fact that there was not a single credible contemporary report of an intimate relationship with Sally Hemings. L64: Contrast that with Benjamin Franklin, whose dalliances seemed to be the stuff of legend and were highly publicized. ... L80: Most of all, and most tellingly, there is no testimony from Sally Hemings herself. L80: Even more remarkably, as Madison Hemings tells his story, he includes no personal information about his mother’s purported relationship with Thomas Jefferson. L80: He doesn’t even mention that his mother claimed such a relationship, nor that she ever talked to him about who his father was. L80: Wouldn’t it be expected that Sally Hemings would have filled in her son on all these matters if there had been a relationship? L82: On that note, if Jefferson had been involved in such a long term relationship with Sally Hemings, and had six children by her, one would assume that he would have written her many affectionate letters and notes, and given her many personal gifts, as any man would do with the woman he loved. L82: And further, isn’t it likely that Sally Hemings would have passed on many of those items to her children, as tokens of their father’s love, or if for no other reason, to validate their paternity. L84: Yet no such letters or gifts seem to exist. L84: Without meaning to be melodramatic, there is instead, only a thunderous silence. Vachristian ](https://vachristian.org/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-part-1/) ### Searched web Thomas Jefferson account books OR farm books Sally Hemings 10 [ Farm Book | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L1: # Farm Book | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L3: Jefferson made detailed entries about plantation accounts and recorded information about his farming and industrial operations, including many references to the dozens of people who lived on Mulberry Row, what they did, and how Mulberry Row changed over time. L5: Massachusetts Historical Society L7: **Thomas Jefferson Farm Book 1774-1824** L9: Agriculture & Gardening Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/farm-book/)[ Thomas Jefferson Papers : References to Sally Hemings in Thomas Jefferson's Farm Book L6: This volume, dating from 1774 to 1824, contains Thomas Jefferson's working records relating to his farm properties, including detailed information about farming activities and slaves. L6: Jefferson's Farm Book includes lists of the names and locations of his slaves, also the cloth, bedding, and food (fish, bread, and beef) distributed to them. L6: For additional information, refer to the summary description on the Farm Book main page . L8: In his Farm Book, Thomas Jefferson listed all the slaves he owned as of January 14, 1774. L8: On page 13 , Betty Hemings's name appears, followed by a list of her children, Nancy, Jemmy, Thenia, Critta, Peter, and Sally, and her grandson, Danie. L8: According to this list, Sally Hemings was born in 1773 and was one of many slaves previously owned by John Wayles, whose daughter Martha had married Jefferson in 1772. L8: After John Wayles's death, his slaves were allotted to Jefferson. L10: Jefferson seems to have owned three slaves named Sally. L10: Since entries listing slaves in the Farm Book do not always include last names, it is sometimes hard to discern which Sally is Sally Hemings. L10: When Sally Hemings's full name is listed, it is often followed by the names of her children, Harriet, Madison, and Eston. L12: --- L14: | page 13 | Roll of slaves owned by John Wayles allotted to Thomas Jefferson, January 14, 1774 (begins on page L14: 11) | | --- | --- | | page 18 | Location of slaves in 1774 (begins on page L16: 15) | | page 24 | Roll of slaves, 1783 | | page 30 | Roll of slaves, November 1794 | | page 41 | Distribution of clothes, Dec. 1794 [Note: "Sally" listed on page 41, two different slaves named "Sally" listed on page 42.] | | page 51 | Ration list for fish, 1796 [see also page 53, below] | | page 52 | Ration list for clothes, 1796, and bread, 1797 | | page 53 | Ration list for fish [see also page 51, above] | | page 55 | Ration list for linen, wool, blankets, beds, and shoes, 1799 | | page 57 | Ration list for linen, blankets, and shoes, 1800 | | page 60 | List showing slaves leased and slaves Masshist ](https://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/farm/farmhemings.php)[ Martha Wayles Jefferson’s account book | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L1: # Martha Wayles Jefferson’s account book | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L3: ## Bring the Spirit of 1776 into 2026 L5: Make a gift to Monticello for America's 250th L7: Donate Now L9: #### Transcription L11: **(Image 1, left column/page)** Jan: 1777 1 31 hogs killed 9 17 hogs killed 27 20 hogs killed L17: Feb: 1 a beef killed 11 a mutton killed 18 a beef killed (66 lb. of tallow in cellar) L21: Mar: 5 11 doz. L21: & 2 candeles in the cellar 8 made 100 lb of soft soap 2 geese killed 7 beds 7 bolsters 10 pillows 7 pr of blankets 5 mattresses one straw bed 6 counterpains 14 made a pot of hard soap not weighed 15 made 40 lb of soft soap 25 made a pot of hard soap not weighed made 6 doz & 10 candles 28 a beef killed kept only one quarter 10 lb. tallow a goose killed 2 ducks killed a shoat killed L32: April 7 2 ducks killed 9 a shoat killed L35: T.Jeff. L35: 14 old fine shirts 9 ruffled ditt. L35: 12 new plain L37: **(Image 1, right column/page)** L39: M. Jefferson 10 old ruffled shifts 4 new ones, not made 8 old ones ditto 8 night caps 6 fine linen Aprons 8 coarse ditto 6 pr of silk hoes 6 pr ditto of cotton L44: Pattey Jef. L44: 7 new shift 2 night caps 9 frocks 4 pr stockings 2 laced tuckers 2 hemstitched do L47: April 15 a beef killed sold one quarter yield 10 lb. of tallow 17 made 8 doz candles a shoat killed 20 made 68 lb of soaft soap 31 a shoat killed L53: May 4 a shoat killed 6 a mutton killed 8 made 2 doz candles 12 french beans planted sugar, 2 & ditto mazzeis, 13 a shoat killed made 17 candles sowed – pudding peas & gallevance ditto a shoat killed 19 a shoat killed 26 a lamb killed L62: **(Image 2, left column/page)** L64: June bought 15 chickens from old Jenny bought 11 [ditto] of Juno bought 8 [ditto] of Jackson bought 10 ditt of Squire bought 4, ditt Fanny bought of Jupiter bought O[?] of Phill bought of Will bought of Mrs Scot 8 ditt n:b: all these were pd. for with bacon Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/research-education/for-educators/primary-sources/martha-wayles-jefferson-s-account-book/)[ Thomas Jefferson Papers : Farm Book L22: This volume contains Thomas Jefferson's working records primarily of his home, Monticello, and his private retreat, Poplar Forest, but also other farms and estates that he owned in Albemarle, Bedford, and Campbell counties in Virginia including Lego, Shadwell, Tufton, Elk Hill, Willis's Creek, and Bear Creek. L22: Jefferson's property holdings were significant; he inherited and purchased land, and acquired several estates through marriage. L22: The Farm Book contains two lists of his properties, one dated 1794 ( page 32 ) and another from 1810 ( page 127 ). L22: Each list shows that he owned more than 10,000 acres. L24: The volume contains detailed information about farming activities and Jefferson's livestock and slaves. L24: In 1795 and 1796 Jefferson wrote short entries outlining the plowing, sowing, planting, and cutting activities; these "Diary" (Jefferson's term) entries are arranged by date. L24: He also maintained precise lists. L24: Some lists include the names and locations of his slaves; others tracked the cloth, bedding, and food (fish, bread, and beef) distributed to them. L24: The volume contains inventories of livestock (horses, sheep, cattle, etc.) and numbers of hogs killed during various years. ... L32: Digitization project staff scanned the pages and then a conservation bookbinder rebound the volume. L34: ### Additional information: References to Sally Hemings L36: In his Farm Book, Thomas Jefferson recorded information about his slaves. L36: Sally Hemings and her children are listed on numerous pages of the volume. Openstax ](http://openstax.org/l/TJefferson)[ Project MUSE - Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 1 L1: # Project MUSE - Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 1 L3: # Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 1: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826 L5: ## In this Book L7: Additional Information L9: ### Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 1: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826 L11: Book L13: Edited by James A. Bear Jr., & Lucia C. Stanton L15: 2017 L17: Published by: Princeton University Press L19: Series: Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series L21: Table of Contents L23: * Save L24: * View Citation L25: * Get Access L27: Buy This Book in Print L29: summary L31: Among the Second Series of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, this volume has the most detailed coverage of his day-to-day life. L31: These disciplined records of personal expenditures, and of various other daily observations, furnish valuable information about prices and availability of commodities of the period and provide abundant evidence of Jefferson's devotion to a systematic way of living and of his insatiable curiosity. L33: Originally published in 1997. L35: The **Princeton Legacy Library** uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. L35: These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. ... L77: pp. xli-xliv L79: ### Chronology L81: pp. xlv-lv L83: ## Jefferson's Memorandum Books L85: ### 1967-1970 L87: pp. 3-213 L89: ### 1771-1775 L91: pp. 213-411 L93: ### 1776-1780 L95: pp. 412-510 L97: ### 1781-1785 L99: pp. 511-611 L101: ### 1786-1790 L103: pp. 612-814 L105: Back To Top Muse.jhu ](https://muse.jhu.edu/book/51012/)[ Two Extracts from Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book | Albert and Shirley Small Special Collectons Library Special Collections Library L1: # Two Extracts from Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book | Albert and Shirley Small Special Collectons Library Special Collections Library L3: Jump to: L5: Search Site L7: # Two Extracts from Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book L9: ### A List of Slaves: L13: **Farm Book Listing Slaves, 1795-1796** L17: **Farm Book Listing Slaves, 1820** Small.library.virginia ](https://small.library.virginia.edu/collections/featured/the-thomas-jefferson-papers/bibliography-of-sources-on-jefferson-and-the-hemings-family/extracts-jeffersons-farmbook/)[ Farm Book, 1774-1824, page 1, by Thomas Jefferson [electronic edition] L1: Farm Book, 1774-1824, page 1, by Thomas Jefferson [electronic edition] L3: Farm Book, page 1 L5: by Thomas Jefferson L7: [This page appears opposite the inside the front cover.] L9: Black mare at Elk hill she came from Bedford out of a mare that L11: foaled in 1772. L13: her family L15: A filly her sire young Fearnaught L17: foaled May 1772 L19: Horses, breeding mares etc. L21: 1. L23: Ally-croker. L23: foaled 1758. L23: her sire Silver-eye. L23: her dam Patty Banister who was got by Sparker on jenny Morris. L23: foaled 1758 Jenny Morris was a noted mare the property of Col. John Bolling, and was got by Bow an imported horse of Secretary Carter's bred imported mare of Colo. Eppes's. L23: Dead. L25: 2. L27: Gustavus. L27: his sire was Whittington. L29: foaled 1762. L29: bought of F. Willis. L29: given away L31: 3. L33: Cacullen. L33: his sire was Hob or Nob. L33: his dam Allycroker. L33: foaled 1764. L35: 4. L37: The General. L37: his sire was Janus. L39: foaled 1769. L39: bought of Alexander Spotswood. L41: 5. L43: Crab. L43: his sire was Whittington. L43: his dam was got by Crab. L45: foaled about 1771. L45: bought of F. Willis. L47: 6. L49: Everallyn. L51: bought of John Hylton. L51: Dead L53: 7. L55: Alfred. L55: his sire was Partner. L55: his dam Allycroker. L57: foaled 1774. L57: sold to Richard Anderson. L59: 8. L61: Caractacus. L61: his sire young Feamought who was got by old Fearn. L63: on Calista. L65: foaled May. 1775. L67: 9. L69: Ethelinda. L69: a sorrel filly. L69: her sire young Fearnought. L69: damAllyn Ever L71: foaled 1776. L73: 10. L75: Silver tail. L75: an iron grey mare at Elkhill. L75: her sire was her dam a grey mare at Elk hill. L77: foaled 1773. L79: 11. L81: a very old bay mare at Willis's creek. Masshist ](https://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/doc?id=farm_1)[ Farm Book, 1774-1824, page 44, by Thomas Jefferson [electronic edition] L1: # Farm Book, 1774-1824, page 44, by Thomas Jefferson [electronic edition] L3: ‹ 44 of 174 › L5: Farm Book, page 44 L7: by Thomas Jefferson L9: --- L11: Page 44 L15: Estimate for the issues of the corn on hand Dec. 15. L15: 1794 . L17: | | Barrels | Shrinkage | Barrels | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | to wit. L19: Monticello. L19: on hand | 241 1/2 | 12. L19: | 229 1/2 | | Shadwell do. L20: | 270 | 13 1/2 | 256 1/2 | | | | | 486. L21: | | Oats at do. L22: | | | 20 | | | | | 506 | L25: | | from Dec. 15 to Apr. 1. L25: 106. L25: Days Barrels | from Apr. 1. L25: to July 15 106. L25: Days | from July 15 to Nov. 15. L25: 123. L25: Days | Total 335. L25: Days | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 120. L27: persons. L27: | 90. L27: | 90 | 105. L27: | 285 | @ 1. L27: peck a week each | | 8. L28: riding horses | 32 | 21 | | 53 | @ 1 1/2 gall. L28: a day in winter & 1. L28: gall. L28: in summr. L28: | | 5. L29: broodmares | 13. ... L39: Repartition of do. L39: between Monticello & Shadwell. L41: Monticello. L41: Petit. L41: Dec. 15 . L42: to Apr. 1 . L43: 106. L43: Days Apr. 1. L44: to July 15. L45: 106. L45: D. July 15 to Nov. 15. L47: 123. L47: Days Total 335. L48: D 47. L48: persons 35. L48: 35 41 1/2 111 1/2 8. L48: workhorses 28 18 46 4. L48: oxen 6 6 cattle 5 5 3. ... L66: * Boston, Mass. L66: : Massachusetts Historical Society, 2003. L66: http://www.thomasjeffersonpapers.org/ L68: **Original manuscript:** Jefferson, Thomas. L68: Farm Book, 1774-1824. L68: 174 pages. L68: Original manuscript from the Coolidge Collection of Thomas Jefferson Manuscripts, Massachusetts Historical Society. Masshist ](https://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/doc?id=farm_44)[ archives.nypl.org -- Search results L1: # archives.nypl.org -- Search results L3: Filter by date range L5: Reset filters L7: Search L9: Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826 L11: Thomas Jefferson account book, 1791-1803 L13: Manuscripts and Archives Division | MssCol 23168 L15: .2 linear feet (1 volume) L17: Account book kept by Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, showing receipts and disbursements mainly at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Monticello, Virginia; and Washington, D.C., 1791-1803. L17: Daily entries in daybook form concern... more L19: Account book kept by Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, showing receipts and disbursements mainly at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Monticello, Virginia; and Washington, D.C., 1791-1803. L19: Daily entries in daybook form concern family accounts, household costs, money paid to servants, slave labor, farming matters, taxes, loans, traveling expenses, and money donated to charity, as well as income from salary and crops. L19: Tables show quarterly or annual analyses of expenditures by category, with income. L19: Notable content includes travel itineraries with expenses for a trip with James Madison from Philadelphia to New York and New England, returning via Long Island, 1791 May 17-June 19, and from Philadelphia to Monticello, 1791 September 2-12. L19: Accounts are paginated (odd numbers only, p. 1-173, [174]), with index. L19: The volume also includes a table of weather data at Philadelphia and Monticello, 1791-1794; a list of wines provided at Washington, 1801-1808; and an inserted sheet noting how long some casks of madeira lasted from receipt to consumption. L19: less L21: Indicates that portions of this collection have been Archives.nypl ](https://archives.nypl.org/controlaccess/164370?term=Monticello%20\(Va.\))[ Farm Book, 1774-1824, page 128, by Thomas Jefferson [electronic edition] L1: # Farm Book, 1774-1824, page 128, by Thomas Jefferson [electronic edition] L3: ‹ 128 of 174 › L5: Farm Book, page 128 L7: by Thomas Jefferson L9: --- L11: Page 128 L15: Roll of Negroes. L15: 1810. L15: Feb. in Albemarle. L17: Monticello. L19: Tufton L21: Lego L23: House, etc. L25: tradesmen L27: farm. L29: Burwell. L29: 83. L30: Edwin 93 Edy. L31: 87. L32: James Jan. 7. L32: 05. L33: Maria. L33: Oct. 27. L33: 07. L34: Patsy. L34: 10. L34: May 11. L35: Fanny. L35: 88. L36: Ellen. L36: 09. L36: Aug. 22 Amy 93. L38: Jenny. L38: 11. L38: Nov. Critta. L39: 69 Sally. L40: 73. L41: Harriet. L41: 01. L41: May Madison. L42: 05. L42: Jan Eston. L43: 08. L43: May 21. L44: Betty Brown. L44: 59. L45: Robert. L45: 99. L45: Dec. Mary. L46: 01. L46: Oct. Peter Hemings. L47: 70. L48: Nance. L48: 61. L49: Mary. L49: perhaps abt. L49: 80. L50: William 01. L50: Mar. Davy. L51: 03. L51: Feb. Celia. L52: 06 Tucker. L53: 10. L53: Apr. Ursula. L54: 87. L55: Joe. L55: 05. L55: Jan Anne 07. L56: Feb. Dolly. L57: 09. L57: Feb. Cornelius 11. L58: Apr. 1. L59: Cretia. L59: abt. L59: 79 John. L60: 1800. L61: Randal. L61: 02. L62: Henry. L62: 05. L63: Milly 07. L64: Lilburn 09. L65: Sucky. L65: Jerry's 96. L66: Bec. L66: Bagwell's 97 Indridge 97. L67: Mar. 30. L68: Evelina. L68: Lewis' 97. L68: Oct. 24. L69: Larana. L69: Rach's 97. L69: Mar. 22. L70: 37 L72: John Hemings. L72: 75 Lewis. L73: abt. L73: 60 Davy. L74: 55. L75: Shepherd. L75: 82. L76: Abram. L76: abt. L76: 1740. L77: Joe. L77: 80. L78: Moses. L78: 79. L79: Davy. L79: Isb's 84. L79: Sep. Thruston. L80: 95 July 5. L81: James. ... L183: Farm Book, 1774-1824. L183: 174 pages. L183: Original manuscript from the Coolidge Collection of Thomas Jefferson Manuscripts, Massachusetts Historical Society. L185: **Source of transcription:** Baron, Robert C., ed. L185: *The Garden and Farm Books of Thomas Jefferson* . L185: Golden, Colo. : Fulcrum, 1987 . Masshist ](https://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/doc?id=farm_128) ### Searched web "Sally Hemings" site:founders.archives.gov OR site:monticello.org Jefferson writing OR letter OR mention 10 [ Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L11: ## Look Closer at The Life of Sally Hemings L13: **Learn more about Sally Hemings in this in-depth online exhibit** . L15: **Historical Background** L17: In September 1802, political journalist James T. Callender , a disaffected former ally of Jefferson, wrote in a Richmond newspaper that Jefferson had for many years "kept, as his concubine, one of his own slaves." ... L25: Jefferson's policy was to offer no public response to personal attacks, and he apparently made no explicit public or private comment on this question (although a private letter of 1805 has been interpreted by some individuals as a denial of the story). L25: Sally Hemings left no known accounts. L27: Jefferson's daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph privately denied the published reports. L27: Two of her children, Ellen Randolph Coolidge and Thomas Jefferson Randolph , maintained many years later that such a liaison was not possible, on both moral and practical grounds. ... L53: * Sally Hemings (1773-1835) was an enslaved woman at Monticello; she lived in Paris with Jefferson and two of his daughters from 1787 to 1789; and, she had at least six children. L54: * Sally Hemings's duties included being a nursemaid-companion to Thomas Jefferson's daughter Maria (ca. 1784-1787), lady's maid to daughters Martha and Maria (1787-1797), and chambermaid and seamstress (1790s-1827). L55: * There are no known images of Sally Hemings and only four known descriptions of her appearance or demeanor . L56: * Sally Hemings left no known written accounts. It is not known if she was literate. L57: * In the few scattered references to Sally Hemings in Thomas Jefferson's records and correspondence, there is nothing to distinguish her from other members of her family. Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/)[ III. Review of Documentary Sources - Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L8: | **1802** | James Thomson Callender, extracts of articles in Richmond *Recorder,* September through December | | --- | --- | | **1850s** | Extracts of journal of John Hartwell Cocke, January 26, 1853, and April 23, 1859, University of Virginia Library | | **1858** | Letter of Jefferson's granddaughter Ellen Coolidge to her husband, Joseph Coolidge, October 24, 1858, Ellen Coolidge Letterbook, pages 98-102, University of Virginia Library; also printed in Annette Gordon-Reed, *Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy* (Charlottesville, 1997), pages 258-260 | | **1862** | ... L18: #### **Primary Sources** (see Appendix E ): L20: These primary sources include: the first public allegation of a Jefferson-Hemings relationship, by a Richmond journalist us; a Jefferson letter viewed by some historians as a denial of the relationship; the transcribed interviews of a former Monticello overseer and two former slaves; the diary extracts of one of Jefferson's friends; and letters of two of Jefferson's grandchildren and a biographer who spoke to or corresponded with those grandchildren. ... L24: **1805. L24: ** In the absence of the letter enclosed with it, the cover letter to Robert Smith remains somewhat ambiguous. L24: Most historians interpret Jefferson's statements in the cover letter as his denial of all Federalist allegations against him, except for improper advances made forty years earlier to John Walker's wife, Elizabeth. L24: These allegations included the relationship with Sally Hemings. L26: **1850s. L26: ** Jefferson's friend John Hartwell Cocke expressed his belief in the relationship many years after Jefferson's death. L26: 1858, 1868, 1874. L26: Jefferson's grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph was the source of three versions of his family's explanation, which implicated one of Jefferson's Carr nephews, an explanation that is contradicted, in the case of Eston Hemings, by the DNA evidence. ... L30: **1873. L30: ** The account of Madison Hemings, who stated that he and three of his siblings-Beverly, Harriet, and Eston-were the children of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson, is taken as an authentic reflection of his observations and beliefs. L30: Former Monticello slave Israel Gillette Jefferson, in a statement in the same year, corroborated Madison Hemings's assertion that Jefferson was his father. Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/research-report-on-jefferson-and-hemings/iii-review-of-documentary-sources/)[ Monticello Affirms Thomas Jefferson Fathered Children with Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L5: The summary of the most important evidence proving Jefferson’s paternity is listed below. L5: 1 L7: 1. Madison Hemings provided an account of his mother’s life that was published in an Ohio newspaper in 1873. The basic outline of Madison Hemings’s account, including his mother’s “treaty” with Jefferson and the freedom granted to him and his siblings, was well known to his community before it was published. His narrative is the most important extant evidence and much of the corroborating evidence supports the outline of his narrative. ... L8: which one) was the father of Sally Hemings's children. L9: 3. Madison Hemings was described by a U.S. census taker as the son of Thomas Jefferson in 1870. L10: 4. Israel Gillette Jefferson, formerly enslaved at Monticello, corroborated Madison Hemings’s claim in the same newspaper, referring to Sally Hemings as Thomas Jefferson’s “concubine.” L11: 5. Eston Hemings changed his racial identity to white and his surname to Jefferson after moving from Ohio to Wisconsin in 1852. Newspaper accounts in Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1887 and 1902 recalled that Eston resembled Thomas Jefferson. L12: 6. The two oldest surviving children of Sally Hemings, Beverly Hemings (a male) and Harriet Hemings, were both allowed to leave Monticello without pursuit and were described as “run away” in Jefferson’s inventory of enslaved families. In an 1858 letter to her husband Joseph Coolidge, Jefferson’s granddaughter, Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, (while denying Jefferson’s paternity) described Sally Hemings’s children as “all fair and all set free at my grandfather’s death, or had been suffered to absent themselves permanently before he died." L13: 7. Jefferson's records of his travels and the birthdays of Sally Hemings’s children reveal that he was present at Monticello during the estimated dates of conception for all six of Hemings's documented offspring. Statistical modeling shows the likelihood of this coincidence for any other male (if we assume that Thomas Jefferson is not the father) as 1 percent, or 1 chance in 100 — strong evidence of Thomas Jefferson’s paternity. 2 ... L15: 9. Jefferson freed all four surviving Hemings children (in accordance with the terms of his negotiation with Sally Hemings, as reported by her son Madison). He did not grant freedom to any other enslaved nuclear family. L16: 10. The names of Sally Hemings’s four surviving children — William Beverly Hemings, Harriet Hemings, James Madison Hemings, and Thomas Eston Hemings — suggest family ties to Thomas Jefferson. Annette Gordon-Reed outlines these naming connections in her book, *Thomas Jefferson & Sally Hemings: An American Controversy* (1997). A man named William Beverly accompanied Jefferson’s father on an expedition through Virginia in 1746, and he was connected to Jefferson’s mother’s family by blood and marriage. There were multiple Harriets in the Randolph family, including a sister and a niece Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/monticello-affirms-thomas-jefferson-fathered-children-with-sally-hemings/)[ The Life of Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L46: ## Childhood L48: > “ > On the death of John Wales, my grandmother, his concubine, and her children by him fell to Martha, Thomas Jefferson’s wife, and consequently became the property of Thomas Jefferson, ... > ” L52: Sally Hemings left no written accounts, a common consequence of enslavement. L52: Jefferson’s plantation records and reminiscences, especially those of her son Madison, are the most important sources about her life. L56: Click to Enlarge L58: **Martha Jefferson and Sally Hemings are half-sisters. L58: ** What do they share? L60: - Same father (John Wayles) ... L73: > “ > She was just beginning to understand the French language well, and in France she was free, ... > ” L79: ***“my best regards to Sally.” L79: ** Details from two 1790 letters (in French) from Marie Jacinthe de Botidoux to her former schoolmate in Paris, Martha Jefferson (Randolph), sending her “regards to Miss Sally.” ... L103: When Jefferson prepared to return to America, Hemings said his mother refused to come back, and only did so upon negotiating “extraordinary privileges” for herself and freedom for her future children. L103: He also noted that she was pregnant when she arrived in Virginia, and that the child “lived but a short time.” ... L109: > “ > Sally Hemings went to France with Maria Jefferson when she was a little girl. Mr. Jefferson was Minister to France, and he wanted to put her in school there. They crossed the ocean alone. I have often heard her tell about it. > ” L113:  L115: ## Life at Monticello Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/sallyhemings/)[ Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L1: Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L3: Statement on the Report by TJF President Daniel P. Jordan L5: 0) Committee Charge and Overview L6: 1) Assessment of DNA Study L7: 2) Review of Documentary Sources ... L22: Eugene A. Foster et al., "Jefferson Fathered Slave's Last Child," November 5, 1998 L24: Eric S. Lander and Joseph J. Ellis, "Founding Father," November 5, 1998 L26: Eugene A. Foster et al., Reply: The Thomas Jefferson paternity case, letter to editor, January 7, 1999 1) Views of scientists consulted ... L35: Dr. Bruce Stillman , Director, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, February 1999 L36: 2) Hemings and Jefferson family trees (not presently available -- pertinent information is found in Appendix J and Appendix H) L37: 3) Foundation statement of November 1, 1998 (.PDF) L38: 4) Table of Contents of Relevant Primary Documents (.PDF) L39: 5) Review of primary documentary evidence (.PDF) L40: 6) Oral History in the Hemings Family L41: 7) Compilation of documentary information on Sally Hemings and her children L42: 8) Statistical study of the relationship between Thomas Jefferson's presence at Monticello and Sally Hemings's conceptions (article published in the William and Mary Quarterly, January L42: 2000) (.PDF) L43: 9) Summary of research on the possible paternity of other Jeffersons L44: 10) Assessment of Thomas C. Woodson connection to Sally Hemings Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/report-research-committee-thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings)[ Monticello | Recollections of Madison Hemings (1873) L15: These children went by the name of Hemings. L17: Williamsburg was the capital of Virginia, and of course it was an aristocratic place, where the “bloods” of the Colony and the now State most did congregate. L17: Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, was educated at William and Mary College, which had its seat at Williamsburg. ... L17: He formed the acquaintance of his daughter Martha (I believe that was her name, though I am not positively sure,) and an intimacy sprang up between them which ripened into love, and they were married. L17: They afterwards went to live at his country seat, Monticello, and in course of time had born to them a daughter whom they named Martha. L17: About the time she was born my mother, the second daughter of John Wales and Elizabeth Hemings was born. L17: On the death of John Wales, my grandmother, his concubine, and her children by him fell to Martha, Thomas Jefferson’s wife, and consequently became the property of Thomas Jefferson, who in the course of time became famous, and was appointed minister to France during our revolutionary troubles, or soon after independence was gained. ... L17: When Mr. Jefferson went to France Martha was a young woman grown, my mother was about her age, and Maria was just budding into womanhood. L17: Their stay (my mother and Maria’s) was about eighteen months. L17: But during that time my mother became Mr. Jefferson’s concubine, and when he was called home she was *enciente* by him. ... L17: Soon after their arrival, she gave birth to a child, of whom Thomas Jefferson was the father. L17: It lived but a short time. L17: She gave birth to four others, and Jefferson was the father of all of them. L17: Their names were Beverly, Harriet, Madison (myself), and Eston—three sons and one daughter. Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/encyclopedia/recollections-of-madison-hemings-1873)[ Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings - Appendix H: Sally Hemings and Her Children | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L39: **Descriptions:** 1787 Abigail Adams, London: "The Girl who is with her [Mary Jefferson] is quite a child, and Captain Ramsey is of opinion will be of so little Service that he had better carry her back with him. But of this you will be a judge. She seems fond of the child and appears good naturd." ... L67: (Bear.100) L69: Whether Sally Hemings lived at Jefferson's residence or with his daughters at the convent school is not certainly known. L69: Whatever the case, as lady's maid to Martha and Maria Jefferson, she became acquainted with their friends. L69: Two letters confirm this: Maria Jefferson wrote her friend Kitty Church in 1789, "Sally vous dit bien des choses"; after the Jefferson family's return to Virginia, a French classmate wrote to Martha Jefferson, "Dis bien des choses a Mlle. Sale." ... L93: "Mr. Jefferson took her to France to wait on Miss Polly." L93: (Isaac Jefferson recollections, Bear.4) L95: For the return voyage from France to Virginia, Jefferson asked an agent to book accommodations on the vessel, "three master births...and births for a man and a w[o]man servant, the latter convenient to that of my daughters." L95: (Jefferson to James Maurice, B.15.433) L97: Jefferson's reference to "Maria's maid" in Dec. 1799 appears to be to Sally Hemings. L97: (Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 21 Dec. 1799, University of Virginia Library) L99: Jefferson's granddaughter Ellen Coolidge, in 1858, wrote that Sally Hemings "had accompanied Mr. Jefferson's younger daughter to Paris and was lady's maid to both sisters." ... L208: (Edmund Bacon to TJ, 16 July 1820, University of Virginia Library) L210: **Death:** Unknown; Madison Hemings's 1873 reference to him suggests that he was still alive at the time. L210: (Madison Hemings 1873) L212: --- L214: #### **DAUGHTER** L216: **Born:** c. 7 Dec. 1799 L218: Jefferson wrote the husband of his daughter Maria that "Maria's maid produced a daughter about a fortnight ago, and is doing well." Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/research-report-on-jefferson-and-hemings/appendix-h-sally-hemings-and-her-children/)[ L201: Primary Sources (see Appendix E): L203: 1802 James Thomson Callender, extracts of articles in Richmond Recorder, September through December L207: 1805 Jefferson cover letter to Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith, July 1, 1805, Missouri Historical Society; also printed in Thomas Jefferson Correspondence, ed. L210: Worthington C. Ford (Boston, 1916), pages 114-115 L212: 1850s Extracts of journal of John Hartwell Cocke, January 26, 1853, and April 23, 1859, University of Virginia Library L215: 1858 Letter of Jefferson’s granddaughter Ellen Coolidge to her husband, Joseph Coolidge, October 24, 1858, Ellen Coolidge Letterbook, pages 98-102, University of Virginia Library; also printed in Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (Charlottesville, 1997), pages 258-260 L221: 1862 Recollections of Edmund Bacon, former Monticello overseer (original unlocated), printed in James A. Bear, Jr., ed., Jefferson at Monticello (Charlottesville, 1967), pages 28-117 (relevant page is 102) L226: 1868 Letter of Jefferson biographer Henry S. Randall to James Parton, June 1, 1868, Harvard University Library; also printed in Milton E. Flower, James Parton: The Father of Modern Biography (Durham, 1951), pages 236-239 ... L239: 1874 Letter of Jefferson’s grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph to editor of Pike County Republican, undated, University of Virginia Library, Accession Number 8937 L243: 4 L245: These primary sources include the first public allegation of a Jefferson-Hemings relationship, by a Richmond journalist; a Jefferson letter viewed by some historians as a denial of the relationship; the transcribed interviews of a former Monticello overseer and two former slaves; the diary extracts of one of Jefferson’s friends; and letters of two of Jefferson’s grandchildren and a biographer who spoke to or corresponded with those grandchildren. ... L257: 1805. L257: In the absence of the letter enclosed with it, the cover letter to Robert Smith remains somewhat ambiguous. L258: Most historians interpret Jefferson’s statements in the cover letter as his denial of all Federalist allegations against him, except for improper advances made forty years earlier to John Walker’s wife, Elizabeth. Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/plantation/hemingscontro/jefferson-hemings_report.pdf)[ L129: Sep. 1: "THE PRESIDENT AGAIN. It is well known that the man, whom it delighteth the people to honor, keeps, and for many years past has kept, as his concubine, one of his own slaves. Her name is SALLY. The name of her eldest son is TOM. His features are said to bear a striking although sable resemblance to those of the president himself. The boy is ten tor twelve years of age. His mother went to France in the same vessel with Mr. Jefferson and his two daughters. The delicacy of this arrangement must strike every person of common sensibility. What a sublime pattern for an American ... L333: TESTIMONY OF JEFFERSON AND SALLY HEMINGS: L335: Jefferson made no public denial of a connection to Sally Hemings, nor has any record been found that he ever commented on the paternity of her children. L336: An ambiguous private letter of 1805 has been interpreted by some historians as a denial. L339: It was Jefferson's “rule of life” not to respond to newspaper attacks and never to "harrass the public with fendings and provings of personal slander." L340: In 1805, when Federalist newspapers renewed their assaults on his character, Jefferson wrote letters of explanation to some close political associates. L342: These letters are lost, but, in a surviving cover letter to his Secretary of Navy, Jefferson admitted making improper advances to the wife of a friend many years before, adding that "it is the only one founded in truth among all their allegations against me." Some historians view this as a reference to “allegations” about the Hemings issue, while others believe that it refers only to the accusations of the offended husband and his associates (Lucia Stanton, “Looking for Liberty: Thomas Jefferson and the British Lions,” Eighteenth- Century Studies 26 no. 4, [summer 1993], p. 652; 1805 L342: Jefferson letter). L351: There is only one known account of the subject being raised in Jefferson's presence. L352: As Jefferson's Randolph granddaughters told biographer Henry S. Randall, Jefferson’s daughter Martha Randolph, roused to indignation by Irish L355: poet Thomas Moore's couplet linking her father with a slave, thrust the offending poem in front of him one day at Monticello. Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/plantation/hemingscontro/jefferson-hemings_report.pdf)[ L20: Parents: Sally Hemings and, most likely, Thomas Jefferson (FB.128; Madison Hemings 1873) L23: Spouse: Mary Hughes McCoy, granddaughter of Stephen and Chana Hughes, a plantation owner and his slave, whom he freed. L24: The marriage took place in Charlottesville, 21 Nov. 1831. ... L344: In August 1807, a probable conception time for Eston Hemings, Thomas Jefferson wrote his brother that "we shall be happy to see you also" at Monticello, where Randolph's twin sister, Anna Marks, was then visiting. L347: A search of visitors' accounts, memorandum books, and Jefferson's published and unpublished correspondence provided no indication that Randolph did, in fact, come at this time. ... L475: The testimony of Sally Hemings's known son Madison is in conflict with the identity of Thomas Woodson as her son. L476: In 1873 Madison Hemings told an Ohio newspaperman that, "soon after" Jefferson, his daughters, and James and Sally Hemings returned to Virginia at the end of 1789, Sally Hemings "gave birth to a child, of whom Thomas Jefferson was the father. It lived but a short time." ... L484: In 1805, Thomas Turner, described as a Virginian, "a gentleman of very respectable character," named Beverly Hemings as Sally Hemings's oldest child. L485: He was a close acquaintance of David Meade Randolph, whose wife was a sister of Jefferson's son-in-law Thomas Mann Randolph. L487: Turner wrote in a May 31 letter to the Boston Repertory that Jefferson and "black, (or rather mulatto) Sally...have cohabited for many years, and the fruit of the connexion abundantly exists in proof of the fact....The eldest son (called Beverly,) is well known to many." Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/plantation/hemingscontro/jefferson-hemings_report.pdf) ### Searched web Thomas Jefferson Paris account books OR memorandum books Sally Hemings payments OR expenses OR inoculation 10 [ Massachusetts Historical Society: Object of the Month L38: In a letter to Abigail Adams written from Paris on 9 August 1786, Thomas Jefferson enclosed an account of purchases the two made for each other in Europe. L38: "The balance of trade was always against me," Jefferson quipped to Abigail, adding that no further reimbursement from the Adamses was needed. ... L44: When Jefferson's younger daughter Mary ("Polly") traveled to Europe in the care of family slave Sally Hemings, it was Abigail who greeted the teenaged girls and watched over them in London. L46: On 5 July 1785, Jefferson boarded the Ceres at Boston with his 11-year-old daughter Martha ("Patsy") and his enslaved servant James Hemings in tow. L46: Favorable winds made for a pleasant ocean crossing, and Jefferson arrived in Paris on 6 August. L46: The last leg from Rouen must have been tiring, with Patsy and James both ailing from fever and exhaustion. L46: In Jefferson's memorandum books, where he faithfully recorded expenses great and small, the statesman itemized several purchases of coffee (and a coffee mill) made en route to the city. ... L56: Across the English Channel, Abigail Adams also struggled to run a diplomatic household. L56: To ease the burden, she and Jefferson often shopped for each other. L56: As we can see from the enclosure of their accounts, he purchased and sent to Abigail silk shoes, Madeira wine, fine damask cloth, and French statuary. ... L56: Jefferson was a prodigious record-keeper. L56: His Memorandum Books, pocket-sized lists of odd expenses and long-term debts, are one example of his accounting habits. L56: He used his Garden Book to document agricultural improvements and technological experiments. Masshist ](https://www.masshist.org/object-of-the-month/april-2016)[ Memorandum Books, 1789 L1: # Memorandum Books, 1789 L3: Skip navigation. L3: Go to main content. L5: Thomas Jefferson Papers L7: Note: this document has content that may require expanded/print view for best results (icons above right) L9: # Memorandum Books, 1789 L11: # 1789. L13: | Jan. | 1. L13: | | Paid Petit servants wages and etrennes as follows | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | wages etrennes total Petit 72 ₶ + 24 ₶ = 96 ₶ Espagnol 60 + 12 = 72 Bonair 60 + 12 = 72 Lacroix 50 + 12 = 62 Nomeni 50 + 12 = 62 James 24 + 12 = 36 Garçon 15 + 12 = 27 Sally 12 + 12 = 24 343 + 108 = 451 | | | L17: | | Dr. | Cr. L17: | | cash actually paid | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | ₶ | | | | | | | | 451 | | | | by balance of Dec. 1. L21: | | 2400₶ | | | | | | by Amount of acct. L22: Nov. 30—to Dec. 27. L22: | | 1532–9 | | | | | | to cash Dec. 13. ... L76: | Paid Petit. L76: Servants wages. L76: | Petit | 72 | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | Espagnol | 60 | | | | | | | | Bonair | 60 | | | | | | | | Lacroix | 50 | | | | | | | | Nomeni | 50 | | | | | | | | James | 24 | | | | cash actually paid | | | | Garçon | 15 | | | | ₶ | | | | Sally | 12 | | | | 343– 0 | | | | | | Dr. | Cr. ... L215: | April | 1. L215: | | Pd. washing 20₶–9. L215: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | 6. L217: | | Pd. for clothes for Sally 96₶. L217: | | | Pd. Guitar master for Polly 36₶. L218: | | | | | Pd. for books 8₶. L219: | | | | | 8. L220: | | Pd. Charpentier in full 123₶. L220: | | | Pd. Patsy’s manteaumaker 36f10. ... L245: | | | 29. L246: | | ₶ Pd. Dupré 5. L246: weeks board of Sally 105 washing &c. L246: 41–9 146–9 | | | Pd. Frouillé for 31st. L247: livraison of Encyclopedie 21₶. L247: | | | | | Pd. for profile 30₶ books 2f8. L248: | | | | | 30. L249: | | Pd. Noseda for set of reading glasses 50 72₶. Founders.archives ](https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/02-01-02-0023)[ Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 2 | Princeton University Press L1: # Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 2 | Princeton University Press L3: Skip Nav L5: History L7: # Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 2: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826 L10: Edited by James A. Bear Jr. and Lucia C. Stanton L12: - Princeton Legacy Library L14: - Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series L20: ## Hardcover L22: ``` L27: ``` L29: ## Paperback L31: Price: L33: $170.00/£142.00 L35: ISBN: L37: 9780691628424 L39: Published: L41: Mar 21, 2017 L43: Copyright: L45: 1997 L47: Pages: L49: 836 L51: Size: L53: 6 x 9.25 in. L55: ## ebook (PDF via app) L57: ``` L62: ``` L64: Add to Cart L66: - Download Cover L68: Among the Second Series of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, this volume has the most detailed coverage of his day-to-day life. L68: These disciplined records of personal expenditures, and of various other daily observations, furnish valuable information about prices and availability of commodities of the period and provide abundant evidence of Jefferson’s devotion to a systematic way of living and of his insatiable curiosity. L70: Originally published in 1997. L72: The **Princeton Legacy Library** uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. L72: These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. L72: The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905. L74: ``` L79: ``` L81: Top L83: ### United States L85: 41 William Street L87: Princeton, New Jersey 08540 Press.princeton ](https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691628424/jeffersons-memorandum-books-volume-2)[ Memorandum Books, 1776 L1: # Memorandum Books, 1776 L3: Skip navigation. L3: Go to main content. L5: Thomas Jefferson Papers L7: You searched for: **medicine** with filters: Author= **"Jefferson, Thomas"** L9: sorted by: **date (ascending)** L11: Permanent link for this document: L13: https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/02-01-02-0010 L15: Note: this document has content that may require expanded/print view for best results (icons above right) L17: # Memorandum Books, 1776 L19: # 1776. L21: Jan. L23: 1. L25: Pd. entertt. L25: at Ewens’s 69 15/7½. L27: Pd. ferrge. L27: at do. L27: 13/1½. L29: 2. L31: Pd. lodging, dinner &c. L31: at Bush town 70 26/3. ... L115: 18. L117: On settlement with do. L117: I am in his debt £6–13–4½. L119: Balances due at the smith’s shop & assigned me L121: ✓ L123: ✓ L125: Postd. L127: Jane Jefferson 0 – 19 – 3 . L127: Philip Mazzei 5 – 4 – 7 . L127: my own account 50 – 8 – 2 . L127: Thos. L127: Garth 2 – 17 – 0 . L127: Randolph Jefferson 0 – 11 – 0 . ... L239: year of her age. L239: 76 L241: Apr. L243: 1. L245: Pd. Ursula for eggs 3¾d. L247: Pd. Betty Hemings for a pullet 7½d. L249: 3. L251: Pd. for a pullet 7½d. L253: Sent Kindred 77 22 ℔ of beef. L255: D. Hylton sais he let me have 129. L255: ℔ steel cost £3. L255: sterl. L255: per C advance 75. L255: pr. L255: Cent. L257: 6. L259: Pd. Juno for a pullet 7½d. ... L293: Charge Hierom Gaines 18½ ℔ iron used by him. L295: Charge do. L295: ℔ old iron from chariot wheels @ 2d. L297: Charge P. Mazzei allowed Hierom Gaines in account for mending his chair 7/6. L299: Pd. P. Mazzei £3–10. L301: Apr. L303: 25. L305: Pd. Granny Smothers fee for B. Hemings 10/. Founders.archives ](https://founders.archives.gov/?q=%20medicine%20Author%3A%22Jefferson%2C%20Thomas%22&s=1111311111&r=8)[ Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 1: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826 on JSTOR L1: # Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 1: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826 on JSTOR L5: + * Front Matter L6: * Download L7: * XML L8: + * Table of Contents L9: * Download L10: * XML L11: + * FOREWORD L12: * Download L13: * XML L14: + * ACKNOWLEDGMENTS L15: * Download L16: * XML L17: + * INTRODUCTION L18: * Download L19: * XML L20: + * EDITORIAL METHOD L21: * Download L22: * XML L23: + * GUIDE TO EDITORIAL APPARATUS L24: * Download L25: * XML L26: + * DESCRIPTIVE NOTES L27: * Download L28: * XML L29: + * List of Illustrations L30: * Download L31: * XML L32: + * CHRONOLOGY L33: * Download L34: * XML L35: + * 1767 L36: * Download L37: * XML L38: + * [1768.] L39: * Download L40: * XML L41: + * 1769. 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L108: * Download L109: * XML Jstor ](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1m3p37c)[ Memorandum Books, 1788 L15: Note: this document has content that may require expanded/print view for best results (icons above right) L17: # Memorandum Books, 1788 L19: # 1788. L21: | Jan. | 1. L21: | | Paid assistants on breakg. L21: axle tree on road to Versailles 3₶. L21: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | wages etrennes ₶ ₶ ₶ Paid Petit 72 + 24 = 96 Espagnol 60 + 12 = 72 l’Ardennois 60 + 12 = 72 Boileau 50 + 12 = 62 Nomeni 50 + 12 = 62 James 24 + 12 = 36 Sally 24 + 12 = 36 Garçon de cuisine 15 + 12 = 27 Mr. Short’s servant + 12 = 12 Mr. Trumbul’s servts. L23: + 12 = 12 355 + 132 487 | | | | | 2. L24: | | Pd. Court fees, to servts. L24: of Introductors & secretary 72₶. L24: | | | 3. L25: | | Petit’s accts. L25: from Nov. 25. L25: to Dec. 29. L25: | L27: | | Nov. 25. L27: —Dec. L27: 1. L27: | Dec. 2—8. L27: | Dec. 9—15 | Dec. 16—22 | Dec. 23. L27: —29 | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Cuisine | L29: 34) | 382–10 | | L29: 16) | 208– 3 | L29: 19) | 157– 4 | L29: 21) | 183– 7 | L29: 39) | 310– 9 | 1241–13 | | Office | | 56– 5 | | | 33– 6 | | 43– 0 | | 28– 8 | | 90–18 | 251–17 | | Pet. dep. | | 32–10 | | | 70– 5 | | 22– 3 | | 25–11 | | 51– 3 | 201–12 | | washing | | 54– 5 | | | | | | | | | | 54– 5 | | wood. | | 55– 8 | | | 131–12 | | | | 58– 8 | | | 245– 8 | | my daurs. | | 98–10 | | | 17–18 | | 9–10 | | 9–12 | | 31– 8 | 166–18 | | servants | | | | | 3– 6 | | 2– 2 | | | | 14–10 | 19–18 | | books. | | | | | | | | | | | 8 | 8– | | genl. postage | | | | | L29: 12– 9 | | 14– 0 | | 57– 1 | | 13–17 | 97– 7 | | | | 679– 8 | | | 476–19 | | 247–19 | | 362– 7 | | 520– 5 | 2286–18 | | Paris postage | | | | | 9– 0 | | 9– 5 | | 11– 4 | | 9– 0 | 38– 9 | L41: | | Pd. Petit in full 1942 ₶–18 = 2286₶–18 – 344₶ before pd. on acct. ... L129: dep. L129: | 51– 0 | 92–15 | 96–13 | 79– 9 | 319–17 | | washing | | | | 20–17 | 20–17 | | daurs. L131: | | 5–13 | 12– 1 | 6–12 | 24– 6 | | servts. L132: | 25– 4 | 0–12 | 26– | 27– | 78–16 | | genl. L133: postge. L133: | 8– 6 | 80–18 | 12–15 | 12–19 | 114–18 | | books | | | 8– | | 8– | | | 475– 8–6 | 472– 7 | 453– 0 | 351–13 | 1752– 8–6 | | Paris postge. Founders.archives ](https://founders.archives.gov/?q=%20polly%20Author%3A%22Jefferson%2C%20Thomas%22&s=1111311111&r=50)[ The Settlement of Jefferson’s Accounts as Minister Plenipotentiary in France L1: # The Settlement of Jefferson’s Accounts as Minister Plenipotentiary in France L3: Publication L5: The American History Collection > The Papers of Thomas Jefferson > Main Series > Volume 24 (1 June–31 December 1792) > Documents > The Settlement of Jefferson’s Accounts as Minister Plenipotentiary in France L7: Main Series | Volume 24 (1 June–31 December 1792) | Documents | The Settlement of Jefferson’s Accounts as Minister Plenipotentiary in France L9: Go to page: Rotunda.upress.virginia ](https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-print-01-24-02-0179&mode=TOC)[ Memorandum Books, 1806 L1: # Memorandum Books, 1806 L3: Publication L5: > Jefferson Papers Indexes > Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Memorandum Books (both volumes) > L > Lemaire, Étienne > monthly household accounts of > Memorandum Books, 1806 Rotunda.upress.virginia ](https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-index-201-12-204-3-15)[ Thomas Jefferson account book, 1791-1803 - Umbra Search African American History L1: # Thomas Jefferson account book, 1791-1803 - Umbra Search African American History L3: # Thomas Jefferson account book, 1791-1803 L7: View L9: @ Manuscripts and Archives Division. L9: The New York Public Library L11: ### Description L13: Account book kept by Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, showing receipts and disbursements mainly at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Monticello, Virginia; and Washington, D.C., 1791-1803. L13: Daily entries in daybook form concern family accounts, household costs, money paid to servants, slave labor, farming matters, taxes, loans, traveling expenses, and money donated to charity, as well as income from salary and crops. L13: Tables show quarterly or annual analyses of expenditures by category, with income. L13: Notable content includes travel itineraries with expenses for a trip with James Madison from Philadelphia to New York and New England, returning via Long Island, 1791 May 17-June 19, and from Philadelphia to Monticello, 1791 September 2-12. L13: Accounts are paginated (odd numbers only, p. 1-173, [174]), with index. L13: The volume also includes a table of weather data at Philadelphia and Monticello, 1791-1794; a list of wines provided at Washington, 1801-1808; and an inserted sheet noting how long some casks of madeira lasted from receipt to consumption. L15: Type: L17: Text L19: Format: L21: Account Books L23: Created Date: L25: 1791 1803 L27: View Original At: L29: http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/6e5d5cc0-82f9-0132-25b2-58d385a7b928 L31: #### From Collection L33: Thomas Jefferson account book L35: #### Record Contributed By L37: Manuscripts and Archives Division. L37: The New York Public Library Umbrasearch ](https://umbrasearch.org/catalog/337f8f5fb875b2a1fd075c2fc6f06b83004613c4)[ Project MUSE - Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 2 L1: # Project MUSE - Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 2 L3: # Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 2: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826 L5: ## In this Book L9: Additional Information L11: ### Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volume 2: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826 L13: Book L15: Edited by James A. Bear Jr., & Lucia C. Stanton L17: 2017 L19: Published by: Princeton University Press L21: Series: Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series L23: Table of Contents L25: * Save L26: * View Citation L27: * Get Access L30: Buy This Book in Print L32: summary L34: Among the Second Series of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, this volume has the most detailed coverage of his day-to-day life. L34: These disciplined records of personal expenditures, and of various other daily observations, furnish valuable information about prices and availability of commodities of the period and provide abundant evidence of Jefferson's devotion to a systematic way of living and of his insatiable curiosity. L36: Originally published in 1997. L38: The **Princeton Legacy Library** uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. L38: These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. ... L50: pp. i-vii L52: ### Contents L54: pp. viii-xii L56: ### 1791-1795 L58: pp. 808-935 L60: ### 1796-1800 L62: pp. 935-1032 L64: ### 1801-1805 L66: pp. 1032-1171 L68: ### 1806-1810 L70: pp. 1171-1262 L72: ### 1811-1815 L74: pp. 1262-1317 L76: ### 1816-1820 L78: pp. 1317-1372 L80: ### 1821-1826 L82: pp. 1372-1421 L84: ### Index L86: pp. 1421-1625 Muse.jhu ](https://muse.jhu.edu/book/51016) ### Searched web Jefferson letter to daughter "Sally’s" OR "Sally Hemings" children measles 10 [ Letter from Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge (October 24, 1858) - Encyclopedia Virginia L14: In this letter to her husband, Joseph Coolidge, dated October 24, 1858, Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge denies the possibility that her grandfather, Thomas Jefferson , could have fathered children by the slave Sally Hemings . L14: She also reports on speculation that Jefferson’s nephews, Peter and Samuel Carr, may have been responsible. ... L58: — page 4 — L62: Letter from Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge (October 24, 1858), Page 4 L64: One woman known to Mr J. Q. Adams and others as “dusky Sally” was pretty notoriously the mistress of a married man, a near relation of Mr Jefferson’s, and there can be small question that her children were his. L64: They were all fair and all set free at my grandfather’s death, or had been suffered to absent themselves permanently before he died. L64: The mother, Sally Hemings, had accompanied Mr Jefferson’s younger daughter to Paris and was lady’s maid to both sisters. L64: Again I ask is it likely that so fond so anxious a father, whose letters to his daughters are replete with tenderness and with good counsels for their conduct, should (when there were so many other objects upon whom to fix his illicit attentions) have selected the female attendant of his own pure children to become his paramour! ... L74: Mr Southall and himself being young men together, heard Mr Peter Carr say with a laugh, that “the old gentleman had to bear the blame of his and Sam’s (Col. Carr) misdeeds.” L76: There is a general impression that the four children of Sally Hemmings were *all* the children of Col. Carr, the most notorious good-natured Turk that ever was master of a black seraglio kept at other men’s expence. Encyclopediavirginia ](https://encyclopediavirginia.org/primary-documents/letter-from-ellen-wayles-randolph-coolidge-to-joseph-coolidge-october-24-1858/)[ Letter from Henry S. Randall to James Parton (June 1, 1868) - Encyclopedia Virginia L1: Published: 2020-12-07 # Letter from Henry S. Randall to James Parton (June 1, 1868) - Encyclopedia Virginia L4: PRIMARY DOCUMENT L6: # Letter from Henry S. Randall to James Parton (June 1, 1868) L8: CONTEXT L10: In this letter, dated June 1, 1868, the biographer Henry S. Randall writes to James Parton about the longstanding rumors that Thomas Jefferson had fathered children by his enslaved house servant Sally Hemings . ... L16: FULL TEXT L18: Courtland Village, N.Y. L20: June 1, 1868 L22: Dear Sir — L24: The “Dusky Sally Story”—the story that Mr. Jefferson kept one of his slaves, (Sally Hemings) as his mistress and had children by her, was once extensively believed by respectable men, and I believe both John Quincy Adams and our Bryant sounded poetical lyres on this very poetical subject! ... L26: I told him I did not. L26: “There was a better excuse for it, said he, than you might think: she had children which resembled Mr. Jefferson so closely that it was plain that they had his blood in their veins.” L26: He said in one case that the resemblance was so close, that at some distance or in the dusk the slave, dressed in the same way, might be mistaken for Mr. Jefferson. ... L28: Peter was peculiarly gifted and amiable. L28: Of Samuel I know less. L28: But he became a man of repute and sat in the State Senate of Virginia. L28: Col. Randolph informed me that Sally Henings was the mistress of Peter, and her sister Betsey the mistress of Samuel—and from these connections sprang the progeny which resembled Mr. Jefferson. ... L34: Mr. Jefferson’s oldest daughter, Mrs. Gov. Randolph , took the Dusky Sally stories much to heart. L34: But she never spoke to her sons but once on the subject. L34: Not long before her death she called two of them—the Colonel and George Wythe Randolph —to her. Encyclopediavirginia ](https://encyclopediavirginia.org/primary-documents/letter-from-henry-s-randall-to-james-parton-june-1-1868/)[ Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 2 July 1802 L1: # Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 2 July 1802 L3: Skip navigation. L3: Go to main content. L5: Thomas Jefferson Papers L7: # Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 2 July 1802 L9: # To Martha Jefferson Randolph L11: Washington July 2. L11: 1802. L13: My dear Martha L15: I yesterday recieved letters from mr Eppes & Maria. L15: she has been for a considerable time very unwell, with low but constant fevers, and the child very unwell also. L15: mrs Eppes had gone there and staid with her till she was well enough to be removed to Eppington, where the air & the bark had already produced a favorable effect. L15: she wishes to proceed to Monticello as soon as she is strong enough, but is in dreadful apprehensions from the measles . L15: not having heard from you she was uninformed whether it was in your family. L15: I have this day informed her it is there, and advised her when she goes, to pass directly on to Monticello; and that I would ask the favor of mr Randolph & yourself to take measures for having the mountain clear of it by the 15th. L15: of this month, by which time she may possibly arrive there, or by the 20th. L15: at farthest. L15: after that date should any one on the mountain have it they must remove. L15: Squire’s house would be a good place for the nail boys, should they have it, and Betty Hemings’s for Bet’s or Sally’s children. L15: there are no other children on the mountain. L15: I shall be at home from the 25th. L15: to the 28th. L15: my affectionate esteem to mr Randolph and tenderest love to yourself. L17: Th: Jefferson L19: RC ( NNPM ); at foot of text: “Mrs. Randolph.” L21: LETTERS : John Wayles Eppes to TJ, 25 June 1802 , which enclosed Mary Jefferson Eppes to TJ, 21 June 1802 . Founders.archives ](https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-38-02-0013)[ Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: What's Known | HISTORY L22: A half-sister to Jefferson’s wife Martha , Hemings was the daughter of Jefferson’s wealthy white father-in-law John Wayles and an enslaved woman he owned named Elizabeth. L22: Despite being close kin—and most certainly the mother to four of Jefferson’s surviving six children—Hemings and her offspring remained among the human chattel (or property) who lived and labored for the benefit of Jefferson and his family at Monticello until his death. ... L36: From a young age, she served as a companion to Jefferson’s daughters. L38: Two years after being posted to Paris to serve as minister to France, Jefferson sent for his daughter Maria, with 14-year-old Hemings to accompany her. L38: It was during this stay in Paris that Jefferson is believed to have begun what would become a 38-year intimate relationship with Hemings. ... L44: Knowing she had the option of freedom in France—but likely few prospects on her own— she negotiated with the powerful diplomat. L44: She refused to return until Jefferson promised her “extraordinary privileges” and “made a solemn pledge that her children should be freed at the age of 21 years,” wrote Hemings’ son Madison in his post-enslavement memoir *Life Among the Lowly, No. 1* . ... L48: Not long after Hemings arrived back at Monticello, she gave birth to her first child, but the baby did not live long. L48: Through her years at Monticello, she had at least five other children, four of whom survived to adulthood: Beverly, Harriet, Madison and Eston. ... L52: In January 2000, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation at Monticello released a report calling the issue a “ settled historical matter ,” based on a DNA study that proved “paternity of a Jefferson family member and corroborated the ample documentary and oral history evidence.” History ](https://www.history.com/articles/thomas-jefferson-sally-hemings-essential-facts)[ THOMAS JEFFERSON WRITES TO HIS 11-YEAR-OLD DAUGHTER ON THE SUBJECT OF DRESS | Pediatrics | American Academy of Pediatrics L1: Published: 1981-07-01 # THOMAS JEFFERSON WRITES TO HIS 11-YEAR-OLD DAUGHTER ON THE SUBJECT OF DRESS | Pediatrics | American Academy of Pediatrics L4: Skip to Main Content Article navigation L6: Volume 68, Issue 1 L8: July 1981 L12: Article Navigation L14: Articles | July 01 1981 L16: # THOMAS JEFFERSON WRITES TO HIS 11-YEAR-OLD DAUGHTER ON THE SUBJECT OF DRESS L18: T. E. C., Jr L20: T. E. C., Jr L22: Search for other works by this author on: L24: This Site L26: PubMed L28: Google Scholar L30: *Pediatrics* (1981) 68 (1): 7. L32: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.68.1.7 L34: Martha, Jefferson's oldest daughter, who was born on September 27, 1772, was temporarily placed under the care of relatives after her mother's death on September 6, 1782. L34: A year later her father sent her this letter advising her "on the subject of dress." L36: *Annapolis, Dec 22, 1783* L38: ... I omitted ... to advise you on the subject of dress, which I know you are a little apt to neglect. L38: I do not wish you to be gaily clothed at this time of life, but what you wear should be fine of its kind. L38: But above all things and at all times let your clothes be clean, whole, and properly put on. L38: Do not fancy you must wear them till the dirt is visible to the eye. L38: You will be the last who is sensible of this. L38: Some ladies think they may, under the privileges of the *dishabillé* , be loose and negligent of their dress in the morning. L38: But be you, from the moment you rise till you go to bed, as cleanly and properly dressed as at the hours of dinner or tea. L38: A lady who has been seen as a sloven or a slut in the morning, will never efface the impression she has made, with all the dress and pageantry she can afterwards involve herself in. Publications.aap ](https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/68/1/7/50738/THOMAS-JEFFERSON-WRITES-TO-HIS-11-YEAR-OLD)[ Doctors warn of a deadly complication from measles outbreaks | PhillyVoice L1: Published: 2026-03-15 # Doctors warn of a deadly complication from measles outbreaks | PhillyVoice L4: March 15, 2026 L6: # Doctors warn of a deadly complication from measles outbreaks L8: ## A California child died last year of SSPE, a measles complication that likely will become more common as U.S. measles cases increase. L10: By Rae Ellen Bichell, KFF Health News L12: from L14: Ken Ruinard/Imagn Images L16: Doctors fear that a debilitating measles complication known as SSPE will rise in the United States as vaccination rates drop and the virus spreads. L18: Read More L20: The first sign came when Deepanwita Dasgupta was 5 and started stumbling more while playing at her home in Bangalore in southern India. L20: The girl was always up to something, so her parents figured extra bumps and bruises were just symptoms of an active childhood. L20: Maybe, they thought, it was ill-fitting shoes. L22: Relatives described the unicorn-loving child as smart, affectionate, and occasionally rascally. L22: Before she learned the alphabet, she had figured out how to find her favorite show, *Blippi,* on a phone. L22: She was known to sneak butter from the fridge to enjoy a few finger licks. L24: --- L26: **MORE** : Young men have taken to eating 'boy kibble,' a hearty combo of ground beef and rice L28: --- L30: But then her limbs started jerking. L30: A spinal tap revealed measles in her cerebrospinal fluid. L30: The virus she probably had as an infant had secretly made its way to her brain. L30: Now 8 years old, Deepanwita is paralyzed, unable to talk. L32: Measles causes complications — ranging from diarrhea to death — in 3 in 10 infected people , according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Phillyvoice ](https://www.phillyvoice.com/measles-deadly-complications-sspe-doctors/)[ Genealogy.edu: Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings Article (Page 1) L74: Taken together, however, the documents create an interesting picture. L76: The earliest of these documents was a newspaper article written in the *Richmond Recorder* by James T. Callendar. L76: Written in 1802, the article made allegations that Jefferson had a child with “Dusky Sally.” ... L76: He and other enemies of Jefferson wrote concerning Jefferson’s relationship and children with Sally, in an effort to tarnish his image. L78: As for evidence from Thomas Jefferson himself regarding his association with Sally, he wrote the following letter to his daughter, Mary Jefferson Eppes, in July of 1802, concerning her proposed visit to Monticello and the presence of measles at the plantation: I have not heard yet of the disease having got to Monticello, but . . . it cannot have failed to have gone there immediately; and as there are no young children there but Bet’s and Sally’s, and the disease is communicable before a person knows they have it, I have no doubt those children have past through it. L80: The children of the plantation being a mile and a half off, can easily be guarded against. . . . I think therefore you may be there in perfect security. L80: (33) L82: Oddly, Jefferson does not seem concerned about the presence of Bet’s and Sally’s children exposing his grandchildren to the measles, although in the same letter he is careful to warn his daughter, “You should make enquiry on the road before you go into any house. . . .”(34) The letter also seems to verify that Sally and her children lived in Monticello, itself, not in the slave quarters. L84: In December of 1802, the Richmond Recorder reprinted a Frederick-town Herald item concerning Callendar’s charges: Other information assures us, that Mr. Jefferson’s Sally and their children are real persons, and that the woman has a room to herself at Monticello in the character of seamstress to the family, if not as housekeeper, that she is an industrious and orderly creature in her behavior, but that her intimacy with her master is well known, and that on this account, she is treated by the rest of the house as one much above the level of his other servants. ... L86: (35) L88: In May of 1805, Thomas Turner wrote a letter to the Boston Repertory Newspaper: The affair of black (or rather mulatto) Sally is unquestionably true. L90: They have cohabited for many years, and the fruit of the connexion abundantly exists in proof of the fact—To crown this affair, an opinion has existed to which Mr. Jefferson, it is supposed, cannot be a stranger, that this very Sally is the natural daughter of Mr. Wales, who was the father of the actual Mrs. Jefferson—The eldest son (called Beverly) is well known to many. Web.archive ](https://web.archive.org/web/20110719200655/http:/www.genealogy.edu/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=3543)[ Sally Hemings (1773–1835) - Encyclopedia Virginia L1: Published: 1998-11-05 # Sally Hemings (1773–1835) - Encyclopedia Virginia L6: The President L8: ENTRY L10: # Sally Hemings (1773–1835) L12: SUMMARY L14: Sally Hemings was an enslaved house servant owned by Thomas Jefferson , who is believed to have fathered at least six of Hemings’s children. ... L14: In 1787, she accompanied Jefferson’s daughter Mary to Paris, and lived there as a servant in the Jefferson household until 1789. L14: After her return to Monticello, Hemings bore six children, whom her son Madison Hemings later claimed to have been fathered by Jefferson. ... L14: Although many biographers initially doubted the possibility, many historians now agree that Jefferson likely fathered the Hemings children. L14: Beginning in 2018, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, which owns and operates Monticello, began treating it as a fact. ... L84: Not long after that, Madison Hemings said, his mother “gave birth to a child, of whom Thomas Jefferson was the father. It lived but a short time.” L84: Although this child is not mentioned in Monticello records or family correspondence, those same papers reveal that Hemings gave birth to six more children: Harriet, who was born in 1795 and died two years later; Beverly, born in 1798; a daughter, born in December 1799, who died a year later; Harriet, born in 1801; Madison, born in 1805; and Eston, born in 1808. ... L104: An investigation by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, which has owned and operated Monticello since 1923, accepted in January 2000 that Jefferson was likely the father of Hemings’s children; in 2018 the foundation began treating Jefferson’s paternity as a fact. Encyclopediavirginia ](https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/hemings-sally-1773-1835/)[ Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L1: # Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L3: Years after his wife’s death, Thomas Jefferson fathered at least six of Sally Hemings ’s children. L3: Four survived to adulthood and are mentioned in Jefferson’s plantation records: Beverly, Harriet, Madison, and Eston Hemings. ... L25: Jefferson's policy was to offer no public response to personal attacks, and he apparently made no explicit public or private comment on this question (although a private letter of 1805 has been interpreted by some individuals as a denial of the story). ... L43: There is no indication in Jefferson's records of a child born to Hemings before 1795, and there are no known documents to support that Thomas Woodson was Hemings's first child. L45: Shortly after the DNA test results were released in November 1998, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation formed a research committee consisting of nine members of the foundation staff, including four with Ph.D.s. In January 2000, the committee reported that the weight of all known evidence—from the DNA study, original documents, written and oral historical accounts, and statistical data—indicated a high probability that Thomas Jefferson was the father of Eston Hemings, and that he was likely the father of all six of Sally Hemings's children listed in Monticello records—Harriet (born 1795; L45: died in infancy); Beverly (born 1798); an unnamed daughter (born 1799; died in infancy); Harriet (born 1801); Madison (born 1805); and Eston (born 1808). L47: Since then, a committee commissioned by the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, after reviewing essentially the same material, reached different conclusions, namely that Sally Hemings was only a minor figure in Thomas Jefferson's life and that it is very unlikely he fathered any of her children. ... L55: * There are no known images of Sally Hemings and only four known descriptions of her appearance or demeanor . L56: * Sally Hemings left no known written accounts. It is not known if she was literate. L57: * In the few scattered references to Sally Hemings in Thomas Jefferson's records and correspondence, there is nothing to distinguish her from other members of her family. Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/)[ Monticello Affirms Thomas Jefferson Fathered Children with Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello L3: It is now the Thomas Jefferson Foundation’s view that the issue is a settled historical matter. L5: A considerable body of evidence stretching from 1802 to 1873 (and beyond) describes Thomas Jefferson as the father of Sally Hemings’s children. L5: It was corroborated by the findings of the Y-chromosome haplotype DNA study conducted by Dr. Eugene Foster and published in the scientific journal Nature in November 1998. L5: The DNA study did prove paternity of a Jefferson family member and corroborated the ample documentary and oral history evidence. L5: Other evidence supports Thomas Jefferson’s paternity as well, including his presence at Monticello during Sally Hemings’s likely windows of conception, the names of Hemings’s surviving children, and the fact that all of her children were granted freedom – they were either allowed to leave the plantation, or legally emancipated in Jefferson’s will, a unique occurrence among Monticello’s enslaved families. ... L11: 5. Eston Hemings changed his racial identity to white and his surname to Jefferson after moving from Ohio to Wisconsin in 1852. Newspaper accounts in Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1887 and 1902 recalled that Eston resembled Thomas Jefferson. L12: 6. The two oldest surviving children of Sally Hemings, Beverly Hemings (a male) and Harriet Hemings, were both allowed to leave Monticello without pursuit and were described as “run away” in Jefferson’s inventory of enslaved families. In an 1858 letter to her husband Joseph Coolidge, Jefferson’s granddaughter, Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, (while denying Jefferson’s paternity) described Sally Hemings’s children as “all fair and all set free at my grandfather’s death, or had been suffered to absent themselves permanently before he died." L13: 7. Jefferson's records of his travels and the birthdays of Sally Hemings’s children reveal that he was present at Monticello during the estimated dates of conception for all six of Hemings's documented offspring. Statistical modeling shows the likelihood of this coincidence for any other male (if we assume that Thomas Jefferson is not the father) as 1 percent, or 1 chance in 100 — strong evidence of Thomas Jefferson’s paternity. 2 ... L15: 9. Jefferson freed all four surviving Hemings children (in accordance with the terms of his negotiation with Sally Hemings, as reported by her son Madison). He did not grant freedom to any other enslaved nuclear family. L16: 10. The names of Sally Hemings’s four surviving children — William Beverly Hemings, Harriet Hemings, James Madison Hemings, and Thomas Eston Hemings — suggest family ties to Thomas Jefferson. Annette Gordon-Reed outlines these naming connections in her book, *Thomas Jefferson & Sally Hemings: An American Controversy* (1997). A man named William Beverly accompanied Jefferson’s father on an expedition through Virginia in 1746, and he was connected to Jefferson’s mother’s family by blood and marriage. There were multiple Harriets in the Randolph family, including a sister and a niece Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/monticello-affirms-thomas-jefferson-fathered-children-with-sally-hemings/) Browsed [monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/) Browsed [monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/research-report-on-jefferson-and-hemings/iii-review-of-documentary-sources/](https://www.monticello.org/slavery/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/research-report-on-jefferson-and-hemings/iii-review-of-documentary-sources/) ### Searched web Thomas Jefferson paid Dr. Sutton Sally Hemings smallpox inoculation Paris 10 [ Monticello | Inoculation L1: # Monticello | Inoculation L3: Skip to content L5: * Science & Exploration L7: # Inoculation L9: Learn more about Thomas Jefferson's interest in early vaccinations and his efforts to inoculate his family and members of the Monticello enslaved community against smallpox. ... L23: His friend Thomas Nelson encouraged him, "You must certainly bring Mrs. Jefferson with you. Mrs. Nelson shall nurse her in the small pox and take all possible care of her." 8 Mrs. Jefferson did not make the trip to Philadelphia, and it is uncertain whether she ever received inoculation before her death in September 1782. L23: But it is a testament to Jefferson's confidence in smallpox inoculation that just two months after the devastating loss of his wife, he had their daughters inoculated. L23: 9 L25: After becoming president in 1801, Jefferson expanded his commitment to smallpox inoculation. ... L27: Jefferson brought his involvement to a new level during the summer of 1801, when he directed the inoculation of Monticello slaves, his sons-in-law, and some of his neighbors — about 200 people in all, according to his estimate. L27: He began with vaccine received from Dr. Waterhouse but then was able to collect his own vaccine from those inoculated, and from this was able to send vaccine to other parts of Virginia and to Washington, D.C. 11 Some of his notes and statistics were published in Dr. John Coxe's " *Practical Observations on Vaccination: or Inoculation for the Cow-Pock* ," and Jefferson received a letter from the Royal Jennerian Society in London recognizing his promotion of the vaccine in the United States. ... L39: **1809 January 1. L39: ** (Martha Jefferson Randolph to Jefferson). L39: "[W]e recieved the vaccine safe and will innoculate our children immediatly as well as our neighbours. Jefferson was innoculated with the small pox in Richmond With Virginia & Ann ." 16 L41: . Monticello ](https://www.monticello.org/encyclopedia/inoculation)[ Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: What's Known | HISTORY L32: Further, it underscored the essential paradox of the new nation, wrote historian and curator Lonnie Bunch: “The humanitarian principles in the Declaration of Independence were unavailable for all citizens.” L34: ## **Who Was Sally Hemings? L34: ** L36: Likely born in 1773 at John Wayle’s plantation, the Forest, Sally Hemings came to Monticello at around two years old, part of an inheritance of 135 enslaved people John Wayles bequeathed to Jefferson on his death. L36: From a young age, she served as a companion to Jefferson’s daughters. L38: Two years after being posted to Paris to serve as minister to France, Jefferson sent for his daughter Maria, with 14-year-old Hemings to accompany her. L38: It was during this stay in Paris that Jefferson is believed to have begun what would become a 38-year intimate relationship with Hemings. L40: Sally was not the only enslaved Hemings to join Jefferson in Paris; her brother James had been brought there earlier to be trained as a French chef. L40: Sally learned some of the language and had greater liberties than she might have on the Virginia plantation. L40: With slavery illegal in France, Jefferson the diplomat likely took pains to keep the siblings’ enslaved status quiet. L42: ## **Hemings Negotiated for Her Children’s Freedom** L44: Sally was 16 and pregnant in 1789 when Jefferson asked her to return with him to his estate in Virginia. L44: Knowing she had the option of freedom in France—but likely few prospects on her own— she negotiated with the powerful diplomat. L44: She refused to return until Jefferson promised her “extraordinary privileges” and “made a solemn pledge that her children should be freed at the age of 21 years,” wrote Hemings’ son Madison in his post-enslavement memoir *Life Among the Lowly, No. 1* . History ](https://www.history.com/articles/thomas-jefferson-sally-hemings-essential-facts)[ Thomas Jefferson’s List of Slave Vaccinations, April–May 1816 L1: # Thomas Jefferson’s List of Slave Vaccinations, April–May 1816 L3: Publication L5: > Jefferson Papers Indexes > Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series (all volumes) > H > Hern, Zacharias (TJ’s slave; b. 1812 ) > on smallpox vaccination list > Thomas Jefferson’s List of Slave Vaccinations, April–May 1816 Rotunda.upress.virginia ](https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-index-99-9-536-2-1)[ List of Inoculations, 7 August 1801–17 September 1801 L62: | Patty’s | | | | Sally | | Lewis’s | | | Evelina. L64: | | | | | Isabel | | | | | Dolly. L66: | Doll’s | | | | Abram | | Rachael’s | | | Lazaria | | | | | Suckey. L69: | Jerry’s | | | | 17. L70: | Jame Hubbard | | | | Isab’s Davy | | | | | Jamey. L72: Lewis’s | | | | L74: MS (Roger W. Barrett, Chicago, 1947); partially dated; entirely in TJ’s hand; on recto of a narrow sheet of paper with lists of vaccinations dated 1802, 1816, and 1826 on verso; written in several sittings; with canceled names shown in italics within angle brackets. L76: The information provided by this list supplements TJ’s correspondence about his experiments with cowpox, or smallpox vaccine, at Monticello. L76: He began by infecting six slaves with cowpox sent by Benjamin Waterhouse that arrived at Monticello on 6 and 13 Aug. 1801. L76: On the 16th, William Wardlaw conducted arm-to-arm inoculations using matter from the first two successful subjects, Burwell Colbert and Joe Fossett. L76: TJ documented the effectiveness of the 16 Aug. procedure on day five, the 21st, and wrote to Waterhouse the same day. L76: Thereafter TJ kept up a “succession of cases” with vaccine drawn on the eighth day, as urged by Waterhouse in his letter to TJ of 4 Sep. (Waterhouse to TJ, 24 , 26 July, 1 Aug ; TJ to Waterhouse, 14 , 21 Aug. ). L78: For the ages and occupations of slaves on the list, see Stanton, Free Some Day Lucia Stanton, Free Some Day: The African-American Families of Monticello , Charlottesville, Va., 2000 ; Betts, Farm Book Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book , Princeton, 1953 , especially 58a; and Vols. Founders.archives ](https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-35-02-0029)[ Thomas Jefferson Conducted Early Smallpox Vaccine Trials L22: That scientist was Thomas Jefferson. L24: The two figured out how Waterhouse could send vaccines to Virginia for more testing. L24: An account from the Thomas Jefferson Foundation notes that Jefferson had already had his children and some of his domestic slaves go through a more dangerous, existing inoculation process. L24: For this new vaccine, the first trial subjects Jefferson chose were three more slaves: L26: > T > he vaccination of fourteen-year-old Ursula (later Ursula Hughes), daughter of Bagwell and > Minerva Granger > , did not "take." L29: In further experiments later that summer at Monticello, butler Burwell Colbert and blacksmith > Joseph Fossett > were the first to be successfully vaccinated. L33: Jefferson had given 200 members of his extended family and neighbors the vaccine by August of 1800. L33: He wrote to Waterhouse about the appearance of papules at the vaccination site: L35: > As far as my observation went, the most premature cases presented a pellucid liquor the sixth day, which continued in that form the sixth, seventh, and eighth days, when it began to thicken, appear yellowish, and to be environed with inflammation. L35: The most tardy cases offered matter on the eighth day, which continued thin and limpid the eighth, ninth, and tenth days. L37: Over the next few months, exposures to the virus showed that Jefferson’s vaccinated group was protected. L37: Johnson notes, " Given the general quackery of most medical science during this period, the vaccine trials would have been an astonishing achievement for a full-time doctor," and Jefferson was "only moonlighting." L37: The trial helped bring vaccination to the United States — Jefferson sent more vaccines to other parts of Virginia and Washington, D.C. L37: He also instructed Meriwether Lewis to take some vaccine on the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation reports . Smithsonianmag ](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/thomas-jefferson-conducted-early-smallpox-vaccine-trials-180954146/)[ A surgeon experimented on slave women without anesthesia. Now his statues are under attack. - The Washington Post L1: Published: 2017-08-29 # A surgeon experimented on slave women without anesthesia. L2: Now his statues are under attack. L2: - The Washington Post Washington Post ](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/29/a-surgeon-experimented-on-slave-women-without-anesthesia-now-his-statues-are-under-attack/)[ A Treaty in Paris - Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power L1: # A Treaty in Paris - Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power L5: ## Biographies & Memoirs L7: **TWENTY-TWO** L9: # A TREATY IN PARIS L11: *He desired to bring my mother back to Virginia with him, but she demurred. L11: * L13: —MADISON HEMINGS L15: THE YEARS 1788 AND 1789 were a time of cascading events in Jefferson’s public and private lives. L15: In Holland there were difficult financial negotiations. L15: In France there was the rush of revolution. L15: And within the walls of the Hôtel de Langeac there was Sally Hemings. L17: The French impulse for liberty—both in its laws against slavery and in the revolution against Louis XVI—tested Jefferson personally and politically in 1788 and 1789, threatening him in the most intimate of spheres and forcing him to confront the full implications of his philosophical creed. L19: In this tempestuous time, Jefferson apparently began a sexual relationship with his late wife’s enslaved half sister. L19: Since her arrival with Polly in the summer of 1787, Hemings had been paid some small wages—twelve livres a month for ten months. L19: Jefferson had bought clothing for her and had her inoculated against smallpox. L19: Her brother James was trained as a chef. L19: Sally’s day-to-day routine is less clear, though she may have served the Jefferson daughters as a maid at the convent school during part of her time in Paris. ... L33: According to their son Madison Hemings’s later account, Sally, who had become “Mr. Jefferson’s concubine,” was pregnant when Jefferson was preparing to return to the United States. L33: “He desired to bring my mother back to Virginia with him but she demurred,” Madison Hemings said. Erenow ](https://erenow.org/biographies/thomas-jefferson-the-art-of-power/23.php)[ and smallpox vaccination L1: # and smallpox vaccination L3: Publication L5: > Jefferson Papers Indexes > Index, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 36 (1 December 1801–3 March 1802) > S > slaves > and smallpox vaccination L7: Jefferson Papers Indexes | Index, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 36 | S | slaves | and smallpox vaccination Rotunda.upress.virginia ](https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-index-36-19-88-11&mode=TOC)[ Sally Hemings (1773–1835) - Encyclopedia Virginia L60: Ultimately, however, both girls left for France with Jefferson’s servant. L60: Hemings, it is reasonable to conclude, was sent to Paris because Polly wanted her there. L64: Paris Street Plan L66: On July 15, 1787, Petit, Jefferson, and Hemings arrived in Paris, a city of about 600,000 people, its population far outnumbering all of Virginia’s. ... L66: The streets outside teemed with noise, odor, traffic, danger, and delight unlike anything Hemings had ever known. L68: Jefferson immediately had Hemings inoculated for smallpox, leaving her in the care of a Dr. Sutton (likely Robert Sutton Jr.) at a house outside the city, where she was quarantined for forty days. L68: After that, Hemings likely returned to the Hôtel de Langeac, serving as a house maid, waiting on Patsy and Polly when they were home from their convent boarding school, and learning the complex art of caring for fine fabrics. L68: (Her brother James Hemings served as Jefferson’s newly trained chef.) In January 1788, Hemings received a payment of twenty-four livres, plus twelve livres representing a New Year’s tip, and then, beginning in November 1788, an occasional monthly payment of twelve livres. L68: According to the historian Annette Gordon-Reed, this latter payment is in line with, or even a little above, what French chambermaids would have received. L68: If that was Hemings’s position within the house, then it may have brought her into contact with Jefferson inside his bedroom. ... L162: May 1, 1787 L164: Mary Jefferson (known as Polly) and the enslaved servant Sally Hemings leave for England aboard the *Robert* . L166: Summer 1787 L168: The enslaved servant Sally Hemings is inoculated for smallpox. L168: In the care of a Dr. Sutton (likely Robert Sutton Jr.), she spends forty days in a quarantine house outside of Paris, France. Encyclopediavirginia ](https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/hemings-sally-1773-1835/)[ Thomas Jefferson’s Account with Frank Carr, [after 1 June 1816] L1: # Thomas Jefferson’s Account with Frank Carr, [after 1 June 1816] L3: Skip navigation. L3: Go to main content. L5: Thomas Jefferson Papers L7: You searched for: **“mercury; as medicine”** L9: sorted by: **date (ascending)** L11: Permanent link for this document: L13: https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-10-02-0061 ... L32: Aggy. 3. | | 10.00 | | | | | 22 | To visit &c Aggy 3 3. (24) ditto ditto ditto 3. (26) xii pulv: op: & Ipec: 50. | | 6.50 | | | | | 29. | To visit &c Aggy 3. | | 42.25 | | 3.00 | | 1816 | | | | | | | | Feb y | 6 | To visit & reducing fractured thigh Boy Joe at Lego. reducing ditto twice displaced sundry medicines visits &c up to March 5 th | | | 30.00 | | | | 29. | To visit med: & adv: Sally at Bacon’s—3. | | 3.00 | | | | Ma r | 7. | To passing visit Sally 1.50 lancing her breast 1.50 (14) visit d o &c 3. | | 6.00 | | | | | 15. | To ℥ i Borax 37½ ℥ i L32: Corrosive Sublimate 1.25 | | 1.62½ | | | | | | xii pill op: &c Sally 50. Box long L. Cerate 37½ | | 0.87½ | | | | | 17. | To Reducing Moses’ Fractured leg Sundry med: daily 4 visits & attentions to final Cure Ap l 21. | | | 25.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | 27. | To visit Sally at Bacon’s 3. $ xii pulv: Tonic &c 50 | | 3.50 | | | | April. | 9. | To visit &c Sally 3. $ (May 15) visit &c Mrs Marks 3. $ (21) ditto d o 3. | | 9.00 | | | | May. | 23. | To ℥i Flour Sulph: & Cream: Tart. 75. (June L52: 1.) Pulv: Col: 37½: Ungt Herp: 50. | | 80.62½ | | 1:62½ | | | | | | $151 87½ | | | L55: MS ( ViU: TJP-CC ); in Carr’s hand, with three underlined annual sums in penultimate column written by TJ; undated; notation by Carr on verso: “m r Th os Jefferson with Frank Carr} acct $151.87½”; endorsed by TJ: “Carr D r Frank. 1813. Dec. 3.–1816. May 23 151.87½ D”; with additional calculations by TJ beneath endorsement: “ L57: | 1814 | 29 | | | --- | --- | --- | | 1815 | 42.25 | | | 1816 | 80.62½ | | | | 151.87½ | | | | 11.64 | interest | | | 163.51 | | L65: .” L67: TJ reworked his calculation of interest on the verso from $9.90 to $11.64 and the total owed from $161.77 to $163.51. Founders.archives ](https://founders.archives.gov/?q=%22mercury%3B%20as%20medicine%22&s=1111311111&r=1) Synthesizing evidence from Jefferson's records