``` What is necessary for ICE or Border Patrol to enter a private residence to apprehend an illegal alien? Is an administrative deportation warrant signed inside U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement enough, or do they always need a judicial warrant? What cases pertain to both scenarios? ``` **For ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) or Border Patrol (CBP, under DHS) to enter a private residence to apprehend someone for immigration violations, the Fourth Amendment generally requires one of the following:** - **Voluntary consent** from an authorized occupant (an adult who lives there and has apparent authority over the premises). Consent must be freely given, not coerced by threats, deception, or claims of authority. ICE agents have historically used "ruses" (e.g., pretending to be police or other officials) to gain entry, though courts have scrutinized or limited some deceptive practices. - **A judicial warrant** (arrest or search warrant) signed by a neutral judge or magistrate judge, based on probable cause. This authorizes entry into the home if officers have reason to believe the target is inside (per *Payton v. New York*, 445 U.S. 573 (1980)). - **Exigent circumstances**, such as hot pursuit of a fleeing suspect, imminent danger to officers or others, or risk of evidence destruction. These are narrow and rarely apply to routine civil deportation arrests. **Administrative warrants (e.g., Form I-200 for arrest or Form I-205 for removal/deportation) are issued internally by ICE/DHS officers or immigration judges.** They authorize the arrest and detention of someone believed removable under immigration law (a civil process, though unlawful presence itself is not a crime). These do **not** require review by a neutral judicial officer. ### Do Administrative Warrants Suffice for Home Entry? **Traditionally and in the view of most immigrant rights organizations, legal experts, and several courts: No.** An administrative warrant alone does not authorize forced (nonconsensual) entry into a private home or non-public areas. It allows arrest in public spaces or with consent inside a home. Officers must still obtain a judicial warrant, consent, or meet an exception to enter without permission. This stems from the Fourth Amendment's strong protection of the home as "first among equals" and the requirement of a neutral and detached magistrate for warrants authorizing home entry (*Payton v. New York*; see also historical DHS training materials and guidance acknowledging this limit). **Recent ICE policy shift (2025 memo):** In a May 2025 internal memo, ICE reversed longstanding practice and asserted that, for individuals with a **final order of removal** (issued after immigration proceedings), agents may use an administrative Form I-205 warrant to forcibly enter a residence after "knock and announce," using reasonable force if entry is refused. The memo claims this is authorized by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), regulations, and the Constitution, citing historical acceptance of administrative immigration arrests. It carves out exceptions in certain jurisdictions (e.g., due to the *Kidd v. Mayorkas* ruling in parts of California). This applies primarily to ICE; Border Patrol follows similar constitutional limits but has some additional border-specific authorities (e.g., access to private lands within ~25 miles of the border, but not dwellings without consent or warrant). This new policy is highly contested. Critics (including ACLU, NILC, and legal scholars) argue it violates the Fourth Amendment because administrative warrants lack neutral judicial oversight—the executive branch essentially authorizing itself. Some district courts have already found specific home entries under similar practices unlawful. The issue remains unsettled at the appellate or Supreme Court level in the modern context, with ongoing litigation likely. In practice, the legality of a forced entry may depend on the jurisdiction, specific facts, and whether a court later suppresses evidence or rules the entry unconstitutional. ### Key Cases **Supporting or relating to administrative warrants being sufficient (or at least not clearly insufficient) in some contexts:** - **Abel v. United States (1960)**: The Supreme Court upheld an administrative arrest and incidental search of a hotel room in a deportation case. It noted the "overwhelming historical legislative recognition" of administrative arrests for deportable aliens but did not directly rule on forced entry into a traditional home (the challenge to the warrant was waived below). Proponents of the 2025 memo and broader administrative authority often cite its dicta. **Emphasizing the need for judicial warrants or limits on home entry:** - **Payton v. New York (1980)**: Absent consent or exigent circumstances, police (and by extension federal agents) need an arrest warrant from a judicial officer to enter a home for an arrest. The decision stresses the role of a neutral magistrate. - **Cotzojay v. Holder (2d Cir. 2013)**: In a removal proceeding, the court addressed ICE's forcible entry into a home; appellate decisions in similar cases have indicated that administrative warrants do not permit nonconsensual home entry under the Fourth Amendment. - **Kidd v. Mayorkas (C.D. Cal. 2024)**: A federal district court ruled that ICE's "knock and talk" practices using administrative warrants to approach homes and effect arrests (including entering curtilage—the area immediately around the home) violate the Fourth Amendment when done with intent to arrest without a judicial warrant or consent. This led to limits on practices in the covered ICE field office and influenced the 2025 memo's exceptions. Other district court rulings have split, with some finding violations in entries under the new policy approach and others more deferential (e.g., citing *Abel*). Higher courts have not issued a definitive modern ruling squarely addressing forced home entry with an I-205 for final removal orders. **Bottom line:** In most scenarios and under traditional interpretations, an administrative deportation warrant is **not enough** by itself for forced entry into a private residence—judicial oversight or consent is required to comply with the Fourth Amendment. The 2025 ICE policy asserts broader authority in specific removal cases, but this is a policy position subject to legal challenge and not universally accepted by courts. Border Patrol faces the same core constitutional constraints, with limited additional powers near the border that still do not extend to warrantless dwelling entries. If agents appear at a residence, occupants can (and many organizations advise) refuse entry, ask to see the warrant (and verify it is judicial), and consult an attorney. Evidence obtained from an unlawful entry may face suppression in criminal proceedings and can be challenged in immigration court, though the exclusionary rule applies differently in civil removal cases. For the most current developments or specific situations, consult an immigration attorney or organizations like the ACLU or NILC, as this area involves evolving policy and litigation.